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However, the association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and bone mineral density (BMD) is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the linear or nonlinear relation between HDL-C levels and BMD and addressed whether the HDL-C levels had the potential values for predicting the risk of osteoporosis or osteopenia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two researchers independently extracted all information from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Participants over 20 years of age with available HDL-C and BMD data were enrolled in the final analysis. The linear relationship between HDL-C levels and BMD was assessed using multivariate linear regression models. Moreover, the nonlinear relationship was also characterized by fitted smoothing curves and generalized additive models. In addition, the odds ratio (OR) for osteopenia and osteoporosis was evaluated with multiple logistic regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The weighted multivariable linear regression models demonstrated that HDL-C levels displayed an inverse association with BMD, especially among females and subjects aged 30 to 39 or 50 to 59. Moreover, the nonlinear relationship characterized by smooth curve fittings and generalized additive models suggested that (i) HDL-C levels displayed an inverted U-shaped relationship with BMD among women 30 to 39 or over 60 years of age; (ii) HDL-C levels exhibited a U-shaped association with BMD among women 20 to 29 or 50 to 59 years of age. In addition, females with high HDL levels (62-139 mg\/dL) had an increased risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrated that HDL-C levels exhibit an inverse correlation with BMD. Especially in females, clinicians need to be alert to patients with high HDL-C levels, which may indicate an increased risk of osteoporosis or osteopenia. For these patients, close monitoring of BMD and early intervention may be necessary.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01497-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]],"date-time":"2021-07-25T04:02:37Z","timestamp":1627185757000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Is Negatively Correlated with Bone Mineral Density and Has Potential Predictive Value for Bone Loss"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenghong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yayi","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1497_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-018-06846-w","volume":"33","author":"ST Chiesa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chiesa ST, Charakida M. 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All analyses were based on data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The study was approved by the ethics review board of the National Center for Health Statistics. The National Center for Health Statistics Ethics Review Board protocol numbers are Protocol #2005-06 (NHANES 2005-2006), Continuation of Protocol #2005-06 (NHANES 2007-2008), Continuation of Protocol #2005-06 (NHANES 2009-2010), respectively. The detailed information located on the NHANES website.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"75"}}