{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T21:50:29Z","timestamp":1777413029161,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lipids Health Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To assess the value of peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 (PGLYRP2) in assessing the disease activity and lipid metabolism in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>SLE patients with stable disease (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915), active lupus nephritis (LN) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915) and neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NP-SLE) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915) admitted to Northern Jiangsu People\u2019s Hospital (Jiangsu, China) in 2019\u20132020 were recruited. In addition, volunteers with matched age and sex (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915) were enrolled as controls. The level of PGLYRP2 in the serum and its expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured. The link between PGLYRP2 level and clinical parameters (including lipid profile) was described.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Serum PGLYRP2 level in SLE cases exceeded that in healthy volunteers (3938.56\u2009\u00b1\u2009576.07\u2009pg\/mL), and significantly higher in active LN (5152.93\u2009\u00b1\u2009446.13\u2009pg\/mL) and NP-SLE patients (5141.52\u2009\u00b1\u2009579.61\u2009pg\/mL). As shown by quantitative real-time PCR results, the expression of PGLYRP2 in PBMCs of SLE patients with active LN and NP-SLE surpassed that in healthy volunteers (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated that PGLYRP2 was capable of distinguishing stable SLE from active LN (AUC\u2009=\u20090.841, 95%CI\u2009=\u20090.722\u20130.960, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.000). PGLYRP2 level positively correlated with SLEDAI of SLE patients (r\u2009=\u20090.5783, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Moreover, its level varied with serological and renal function parameters (complement 3, complement 4, estimated glomerular filtration rate and 24-h urine protein) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) of SLE. A potential correlation between PGLYRP2 level and lipid profile (HLD-c, Apo-A1 and Apo B\/A1) was determined in SLE patients. The linear regression analysis indicated SLEDAI as an independent factor of PGLYRP2 level, with a positive correlation in between (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Serum PGLYRP2 level significantly increases in SLE patients, and is positively correlated to SLEDAI. Moreover, serum PGLYRP2 level is correlated with renal damage parameters and the abnormal lipid profile of SLE. PGLYRP2 could be used to predict SLE activity, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease risks in SLE patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01515-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T10:03:16Z","timestamp":1630317796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["PGLYRP2 as a novel biomarker for the activity and lipid metabolism of systemic lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1073-5946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Defang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jieting","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1515_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0141-9","volume":"6","author":"HJ Anders","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anders HJ, Saxena R, Zhao MH, Parodis I, Salmon JE, Mohan C. Lupus nephritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-019-0141-9.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"5","key":"1515_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdq270","volume":"71","author":"Z Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang Z, Feng J, Xiao L, Chen X, Yao Y, Li Y, et al. Tumor-derived peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 predicts survival and antitumor immune responses in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2020;71(5):1626\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annonc\/mdq270.","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"8","key":"1515_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00168-12","volume":"80","author":"J Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee J, Geddes K, Streutker C, Philpott DJ, Girardin SE. Role of mouse peptidoglycan recognition protein PGLYRP2 in the innate immune response to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection in vivo. Infect Immun. 2012;80(8):2645\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.00168-12.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"1515_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.182","volume":"22","author":"T Arentsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arentsen T, Qian Y, Gkotzis S, Femenia T, Wang T, Udekwu K, et al. The bacterial peptidoglycan-sensing molecule Pglyrp2 modulates brain development and behavior. Mol Psychiatry. 2017;22(2):257\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2016.182.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"1515_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780251101","volume":"25","author":"EM Tan","year":"1982","unstructured":"Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, Masi AT, McShane DJ, Rothfield NF, et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1982;25(11):1271\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.1780251101.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1515_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.08.014","volume":"290","author":"Authors\/Task Force Members; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG); ESC National Cardiac Societies","year":"2019","unstructured":"Authors\/Task Force Members; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG); ESC National Cardiac Societies. 2019 ESC\/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis. 2019;290:140\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.08.014.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"10","key":"1515_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001940","volume":"36","author":"B Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, et al. 2018 ESC\/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2018;36(10):1953\u20132041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001940.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"6","key":"1515_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.5301\/jn.5000091","volume":"25","author":"M Frieri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frieri M, Samih MA, Dzhindzhikhashvili M, Liu H, Balsam L, Rubinstein S. Toll-like receptor 9 and vascular endothelialgrowth factor levels in human kidneys from lupus nephritis patients. J Nephrol. 2012;25(6):1041\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5301\/jn.5000091.","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1515_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202364","volume":"72","author":"V Badot","year":"2013","unstructured":"Badot V, Luijten RK, van Roon JA, Depresseux G, Aydin S, Van den Eynde BJ, et al. Serum soluble interleukin 7 receptor is strongly associated with lupus nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(3):453\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202364.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1515_CR10","first-page":"514","volume":"28","author":"R Frijns","year":"2001","unstructured":"Frijns R, Fijnheer R, Schiel A, Donders R, Sixma J, Derksen R. Persistent increase in plasma thrombomodulin in patients with a history of lupus nephritis: endothelial cell activation markers. J Rheumatol. 2001;28(3):514\u20139 https:\/\/www.jrheum.org\/content\/28\/3\/514.long.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1515_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M112.021667","volume":"12","author":"T Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu T, Du Y, Han J, Singh S, Xie C, Guo Y, et al. Urinary angiostatin - a novel putative marker of renal pathology chronicity in lupus nephritis. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2013;12(5):1170\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/mcp.M112.021667.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"issue":"6","key":"1515_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R252","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4095","volume":"14","author":"W Treamtrakanpon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Treamtrakanpon W, Tantivitayakul P, Benjachat T, Somparn P, Kittikowit W, Eiam-ong S, et al. APRIL, a proliferation-inducing ligand, as a potential marker of lupus nephritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(6):R252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/ar4095.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"30","key":"1515_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20738","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M601017200","volume":"281","author":"X Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li X, Wang S, Wang H, Gupta D. Differential expression of peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 in the skin and liver requires different transcription factors. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(30):20738\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M601017200.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"1515_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30924","volume":"71","author":"Z Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang Z, Feng J, Xiao L, Chen X, Yao Y, Li Y, et al. Tumor-derived peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 predicts survival and antitumor immune responses in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2020;71(5):1626\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.30924.","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"11","key":"1515_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5813","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101068","volume":"187","author":"SY Park","year":"2011","unstructured":"Park SY, Gupta D, Hurwich R, Kim CH, Dziarski R. Peptidoglycan recognition protein Pglyrp2 protects mice from psoriasis-like skin inflammation by promoting regulatory T cells and limiting Th17 responses. J Immunol. 2011;187(11):5813\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1101068.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1515_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425910366059","volume":"16","author":"R Dziarski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dziarski R, Gupta D. Review: mammalian peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) in innate immunity. Innate Immun. 2010;16(3):168\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1753425910366059.","journal-title":"Innate Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"1515_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.12.010","volume":"5","author":"S Saha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Saha S, Qi J, Wang S, Wang M, Li X, Kim YG, et al. PGLYRP-2 and Nod2 are both required for peptidoglycan-induced arthritis and local inflammation. Cell Host Microbe. 2009;5(2):137\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2008.12.010.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"11","key":"1515_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203315579091","volume":"24","author":"S Martin-Rodriguez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martin-Rodriguez S, Reverter JC, T\u00e0ssies D, Espinosa G, Heras M, Pino M, et al. Reduced ADAMTS13 activity is associated with thrombotic risk in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2015 Oct;24(11):1143\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0961203315579091.","journal-title":"Lupus."},{"issue":"3","key":"1515_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1605564","volume":"44","author":"P Calabr\u00f2","year":"2018","unstructured":"Calabr\u00f2 P, Gragnano F, Golia E, Grove EL. von Willebrand factor and venous thromboembolism: pathogenic link and therapeutic implications. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2018;44(3):249\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0037-1605564.","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost"},{"issue":"5","key":"1515_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161115666170201114835","volume":"15","author":"F Gragnano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gragnano F, Golia E, Natale F, Bianchi R, Pariggiano I, Crisci M. Et al.Von Willebrand factor and cardiovascular disease: from a biochemical marker to an attractive therapeutic target. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2017;15(5):404\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570161115666170201114835.","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1515_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04267-y","volume":"39","author":"PC Roldan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roldan PC, Greene ER, Qualls CR, Sibbitt WL Jr, Roldan CA. Progression of atherosclerosis versus arterial stiffness with age within and between arteries in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int. 2019;39(6):1027\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-019-04267-y.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"1515_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.209536","volume":"104","author":"M Benagiano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benagiano M, Borghi MO, Romagnoli J, Mahler M, Bella CD, Grassi A, et al. Interleukin-17\/Interleukin-21 and interferon-g producing T cells specific for beta2 glycoprotein I in atherosclerosis inflammation of systemic lupus erythematosus patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Haematologica. 2019;104(12):2519\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3324\/haematol.2018.209536.","journal-title":"Haematologica."},{"issue":"159","key":"1515_CR23","first-page":"49","volume":"30","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Yu H, He J. Role of dyslipidemia in accelerating inflammation, autoimmunity, and atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. Discov Med. 2020;30(159):49\u201356.","journal-title":"Discov Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1515_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.302805","volume":"114","author":"RS Rosenson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rosenson RS, Brewer HB, Rader DJ. Lipoproteins as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the setting of acute coronary syndrome. Circ Res. 2014;114(12):1880\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.302805.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1515_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.100.6.594","volume":"100","author":"M Eriksson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Eriksson M, Carlson LA, Miettinen TA, Angelin B. Stimulation of fecal steroid excretion after infusion of recombinant proapolipoprotein A-I. potential reverse cholesterol transport in humans. Circulation. 1999;100(6):594\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.100.6.594.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"1","key":"1515_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01232-8","volume":"19","author":"B Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou B, Xia Y, She J. Dysregulated serum lipid profile and its correlation to disease activity in young female adults diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-020-01232-8.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1515_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-021-00150-z","volume":"73","author":"RI Yaseen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yaseen RI, El-Leboudy MH, El-Deeb HM. The relation between ApoB\/ApoA-1 ratio and the severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Egypt Heart J. 2021;73(1):24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43044-021-00150-z.","journal-title":"Egypt Heart J"},{"key":"1515_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2020.103796","volume":"222","author":"AA Das","year":"2020","unstructured":"Das AA, Choudhury KR, Jagadeeshaprasad MG, Kulkarni MJ, Mondal PC, Bandyopadhyay A. Proteomic analysis detects deregulated reverse cholesterol transport in human subjects with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Proteome. 2020;222:103796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jprot.2020.103796.","journal-title":"J Proteome"}],"container-title":["Lipids in Health and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12944-021-01515-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12944-021-01515-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12944-021-01515-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T10:03:23Z","timestamp":1630317803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/lipidworld.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12944-021-01515-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-021-01515-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-511X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-511X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the ethics committee of Northern Jiangsu People\u2019s Hospital, Affiliated Hospital to Yangzhou University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"95"}}