{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:41:19Z","timestamp":1789994479871,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFF0304703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFF0304703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lipids Health Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02602-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T07:59:34Z","timestamp":1747814374000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development and validation of a novel glucolipid metabolism-related nomogram to enhance the predictive performance for osteoporosis complications in prediabetic and diabetic patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Junhong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meipeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2602_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e151","DOI":"10.2337\/dci23-0036","volume":"46","author":"DB Sacks","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sacks DB, Arnold M, Bakris GL, Bruns DE, Horvath AR, Lernmark \u00c5, et al. Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(10):e151\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci23-0036.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2602_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","author":"H Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, et al. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045."},{"issue":"14","key":"2602_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.4063","volume":"329","author":"JB Echouffo-Tcheugui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Perreault L, Ji L, Dagogo-Jack S. Diagnosis and management of prediabetes: A review. JAMA. 2023;329(14):1206\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2023.4063.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"2602_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.05.002","volume":"50","author":"D Duan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duan D, Kengne AP, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB. Screening for diabetes and prediabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2021;50(3):369\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.05.002.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"2602_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1335","volume":"39","author":"AL Schneider","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schneider AL, Kalyani RR, Golden S, Stearns SC, Wruck L, Yeh HC, et al. Diabetes and prediabetes and risk of hospitalization: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(5):772\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc15-1335.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(16)30321-7","volume":"5","author":"B Warren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Warren B, Pankow JS, Matsushita K, Punjabi NM, Daya NR, Grams M, et al. Comparative prognostic performance of definitions of prediabetes: a prospective cohort analysis of the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(1):34\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-8587(16)30321-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03500-w","volume":"86","author":"C Ji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ji C, Ma J, Sun L, Sun X, Liu L, Wang L, et al. Prediction model for low bone mass mineral density in type 2 diabetes: an observational cross-sectional study. Endocrine. 2024;86(1):369\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-023-03500-w.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"9","key":"2602_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e722","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000001040","volume":"145","author":"JJ Joseph","year":"2022","unstructured":"Joseph JJ, Deedwania P, Acharya T, Aguilar D, Bhatt DL, Chyun DA, et al. Comprehensive management of cardiovascular risk factors for adults with type 2 diabetes: A scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation. 2022;145(9):e722\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/cir.0000000000001040.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2602_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15018","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.18","volume":"1","author":"MC Thomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomas MC, Brownlee M, Susztak K, Sharma K, Jandeleit-Dahm KA, Zoungas S, et al. Diabetic kidney disease. Nat Reviews Disease Primers. 2015;1:15018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2015.18.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Disease Primers"},{"issue":"6","key":"2602_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-0016","volume":"73","author":"FN Pedersen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pedersen FN, Stokholm L, Andersen N, Andresen J, Bek T, Hajari J, et al. Risk of diabetic retinopathy according to subtype of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2024;73(6):977\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db24-0016.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.008","volume":"33","author":"K Little","year":"2022","unstructured":"Little K, Llori\u00e1n-Salvador M, Scullion S, Hern\u00e1ndez C, Sim\u00f3-Servat O, Del Marco A, et al. Common pathways in dementia and diabetic retinopathy: Understanding the mechanisms of diabetes-related cognitive decline. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2022;33(1):50\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.008.","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2602_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0278-5","volume":"16","author":"JB Cole","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cole JB, Florez JC. Genetics of diabetes mellitus and diabetes complications. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(7):377\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41581-020-0278-5.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2602_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102024","volume":"90","author":"C Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma C, Yu R, Li J, Chao J, Liu P. Targeting proteostasis network in osteoporosis: pathological mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev. 2023;90:102024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102024.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02112-y","volume":"23","author":"Z Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin Z, He J, Yuan S, Song C, Bian X, Yang M, et al. Glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease according to triglyceride-glucose index: a large-scale cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-023-02112-y.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01934-0","volume":"22","author":"X Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng X, Zhang X, Han Y, Hu H, Cao C. Nonlinear relationship between atherogenic index of plasma and the risk of prediabetes: a retrospective study based on Chinese adults. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-023-01934-0.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2602_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531904","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.531904","volume":"12","author":"Y Wen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wen Y, Li H, Zhang X, Liu P, Ma J, Zhang L, et al. Correlation of osteoporosis in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: A retrospective study in Chinese population. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:531904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.531904.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2602_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.315913","volume":"126","author":"RH Ritchie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ritchie RH, Abel ED. Basic mechanisms of diabetic heart disease. Circ Res. 2020;126(11):1501\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.315913.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01805-8","volume":"22","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Jeong S, Oh YH, Park SJ, Cho Y, Park SM. Changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with risk of cardiovascular disease among initially high-density lipoprotein-high participants. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-023-01805-8.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02194-2","volume":"23","author":"J Choi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choi J, Lee SR, Choi EK, Lee KY, Ahn HJ, Kwon S, et al. Effect of physical activity on incident atrial fibrillation in individuals with varying duration of diabetes: a nationwide population study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02194-2.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01930-4","volume":"22","author":"SM Jeong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jeong SM, Yoo JE, Park J, Jung W, Lee KN, Han K, et al. Smoking behavior change and risk of cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-023-01930-4.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-04275-6","volume":"18","author":"H Zhan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhan H, Liu X, Piao S, Rong X, Guo J. Association between triglyceride-glucose index and bone mineral density in US adults: a cross sectional study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2023;18(1):810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-023-04275-6.","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02278-z","volume":"23","author":"C Cui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cui C, Qi Y, Song J, Shang X, Han T, Han N, et al. Comparison of triglyceride glucose index and modified triglyceride glucose indices in prediction of cardiovascular diseases in middle aged and older Chinese adults. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02278-z.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2602_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2024.107861","volume":"180","author":"J Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang J, Han J, Rozi R, Fu B, Lu Z, Liu J, et al. Association between lipid accumulation products and osteoarthritis among adults in the united States: A cross-sectional study, NHANES 2017\u20132020. Prev Med. 2024;180:107861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2024.107861.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02334-8","volume":"23","author":"M Duan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duan M, Zhao X, Li S, Miao G, Bai L, Zhang Q, et al. Metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR) predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population: evidence from NHANES 2001\u20132018. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02334-8.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17957","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69034-x","volume":"14","author":"C Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li C, Wang G, Zhang J, Jiang W, Wei S, Wang W, et al. Association between visceral adiposity index and incidence of diabetic kidney disease in adults with diabetes in the united States. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):17957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-69034-x.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02308-w","volume":"23","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Liu Q, Zheng M, Zuo Z, Zhang G, Shi R, et al. Comparative study on the predictive value of TG\/HDL-C, TyG and TyG-BMI indices for 5-year mortality in critically ill patients with chronic heart failure: a retrospective study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02308-w.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02336-6","volume":"23","author":"Q Ren","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ren Q, Huang Y, Liu Q, Chu T, Li G, Wu Z. Association between triglyceride glucose-waist height ratio index and cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older Chinese individuals: a nationwide cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02336-6.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02228-9","volume":"23","author":"H Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan H, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Tu Y, Zhao Y, Yu J, et al. Associations between cardiometabolic indices and the risk of diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02228-9.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01998-y","volume":"22","author":"G Dong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dong G, Gan M, Xu S, Xie Y, Zhou M, Wu L. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among individuals with diabetes: evidence from the NHANES 2003\u20132016. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-023-01998-y.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02163-9","volume":"23","author":"X Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu X, Qiu W, Yang H, Chen YJ, Liu J, Zhao G. Associations of the triglyceride-glucose index and atherogenic index of plasma with the severity of new-onset coronary artery disease in different glucose metabolic States. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02163-9.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2602_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e572","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-3026(21)00168-x","volume":"8","author":"Z Mei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mei Z, Addo OY, Jefferds ME, Sharma AJ, Flores-Ayala RC, Brittenham GM. Physiologically based serum ferritin thresholds for iron deficiency in children and non-pregnant women: a US National health and nutrition examination surveys (NHANES) serial cross-sectional study. Lancet Haematol. 2021;8(8):e572\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2352-3026(21)00168-x.","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02115-9","volume":"23","author":"K Dang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dang K, Wang X, Hu J, Zhang Y, Cheng L, Qi X, et al. The association between triglyceride-glucose index and its combination with obesity indicators and cardiovascular disease: NHANES 2003\u20132018. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-023-02115-9.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01522-8","volume":"21","author":"SH Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim SH, Cho YK, Kim YJ, Jung CH, Lee WJ, Park JY, et al. Association of the atherogenic index of plasma with cardiovascular risk beyond the traditional risk factors: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-022-01522-8.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02081-5","volume":"23","author":"T Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou T, Chen S, Mao J, Zhu P, Yu X, Lin R. Association between obstructive sleep apnea and visceral adiposity index and lipid accumulation product: NHANES 2015\u20132018. Lipids Health Dis. 2024;23(1):100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-024-02081-5.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"2602_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975400","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.975400","volume":"13","author":"Y Tang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang Y, Peng B, Liu J, Liu Z, Xia Y, Geng B. Systemic immune-inflammation index and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: A cross-sectional study of the National health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2007\u20132018. Front Immunol. 2022;13:975400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.975400.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2602_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03001-2","volume":"76","author":"Y Tang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang Y, Liu Z, Wang S, Yi Q, Xia Y, Geng B. Development and validation of a novel screening tool for osteoporosis in older US adults: the NHANES cross-sectional study. Endocrine. 2022;76(2):446\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-022-03001-2.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02261-8","volume":"23","author":"C Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu C, Liang D. The association between the triglyceride-glucose index and the risk of cardiovascular disease in US population aged\u2009\u2264\u200965 years with prediabetes or diabetes: a population-based study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02261-8.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02030-z","volume":"22","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Xiao S, Jiao X, Shen Y. The triglyceride-glucose index is a predictor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in CVD patients with diabetes or pre-diabetes: evidence from NHANES 2001\u20132018. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-023-02030-z.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01868-7","volume":"22","author":"K Cui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cui K, Fu R, Yang J, Xu H, Yin D, Song W, et al. The impact of fasting stress hyperglycemia ratio, fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c on in-hospital mortality in patients with and without diabetes: findings from the China acute myocardial infarction registry. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-023-01868-7.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01834-3","volume":"22","author":"Q Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang Q, Xu H, Zhang H, Li Y, Chen S, He D, et al. Serum triglyceride glucose index is a valuable predictor for visceral obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-023-01834-3.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2602_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.2147\/cia.S434194","volume":"18","author":"J Pan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pan J, Huang X, Wang Q, Sun J, Zhai Z, Mo J, et al. Triglyceride glucose index is strongly associated with a fragility fracture in postmenopausal elderly females with type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with osteoporosis: A 6-Year Follow-Up study. Clin Interv Aging. 2023;18:1841\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/cia.S434194.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56127-w","volume":"14","author":"J Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li J, Zhou X, Wen J, Liu S, Fan X. Establishment and validation of a nomogram clinical prediction model for osteoporosis in senile patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):5343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-56127-w.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"2602_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.47391\/jpma.22-63","volume":"72","author":"VK Ramdas Nayak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramdas Nayak VK, Satheesh P, Shenoy MT, Kalra S. Triglyceride glucose (TyG) index: A surrogate biomarker of insulin resistance. JPMA J Pakistan Med Association. 2022;72(5):986\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47391\/jpma.22-63.","journal-title":"JPMA J Pakistan Med Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01511-x","volume":"21","author":"LC Tao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tao LC, Xu JN, Wang TT, Hua F, Li JJ. Triglyceride-glucose index as a marker in cardiovascular diseases: landscape and limitations. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):68. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-022-01511-x.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02173-7","volume":"23","author":"XZ Hou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hou XZ, Lv YF, Li YS, Wu Q, Lv QY, Yang YT, et al. Association between different insulin resistance surrogates and all-cause mortality in patients with coronary heart disease and hypertension: NHANES longitudinal cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02173-7.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2602_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(24)00127-x","volume":"12","author":"M Abdul-Ghani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdul-Ghani M, Maffei P, DeFronzo RA. Managing insulin resistance: the forgotten pathophysiological component of type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024;12(9):674\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-8587(24)00127-x.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2602_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mirabelli M, Chiefari E, Arcidiacono B, Corigliano DM, Brunetti FS, Maggisano V, et al. Mediterranean diet nutrients to turn the tide against insulin resistance and related diseases. Nutrients. 2020;12(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12041066.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041066"},{"key":"2602_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Greere DII, Grigorescu F, Manda D, Lautier C, Poian\u00e3 C, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND PATHOGENESIS OF POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS. Acta endocrinologica (Bucharest, Romania: 2005). 2023;19(3):349\u2013\u200963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4183\/aeb.2023.349","DOI":"10.4183\/aeb.2023.349"},{"key":"2602_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.2147\/tcrm.S328510","volume":"17","author":"X Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang X, Jiang L, Shao X. Association analysis of insulin resistance and osteoporosis risk in Chinese patients with T2DM. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2021;17:909\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/tcrm.S328510.","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"2602_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3338","volume":"99","author":"D Shin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shin D, Kim S, Kim KH, Lee K, Park SM. Association between insulin resistance and bone mass in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(3):988\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2013-3338.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2602_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4353-0","volume":"29","author":"VN Shah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shah VN, Sippl R, Joshee P, Pyle L, Kohrt WM, Schauer IE, et al. Trabecular bone quality is lower in adults with type 1 diabetes and is negatively associated with insulin resistance. Osteoporos International: J Established as Result Cooperation between Eur Foundation Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Foundation USA. 2018;29(3):733\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-017-4353-0.","journal-title":"Osteoporos International: J Established as Result Cooperation between Eur Foundation Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Foundation USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"2602_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2011.11.005","volume":"15","author":"S Arikan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arikan S, Tuzcu A, Bahceci M, Ozmen S, Gokalp D. Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus May be related to bone mineral density. J Clin Densitometry: Official J Int Soc Clin Densitometry. 2012;15(2):186\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocd.2011.11.005.","journal-title":"J Clin Densitometry: Official J Int Soc Clin Densitometry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2602_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.12.020","volume":"46","author":"S Huang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huang S, Kaw M, Harris MT, Ebraheim N, McInerney MF, Najjar SM, et al. Decreased osteoclastogenesis and high bone mass in mice with impaired insulin clearance due to liver-specific inactivation to CEACAM1. Bone. 2010;46(4):1138\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2009.12.020.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"5","key":"2602_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2009.05.002","volume":"24","author":"D Zhen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhen D, Chen Y, Tang X. Metformin reverses the deleterious effects of high glucose on osteoblast function. J Diabetes Complicat. 2010;24(5):334\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2009.05.002.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complicat"},{"issue":"5","key":"2602_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i5.673","volume":"6","author":"K Wongdee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wongdee K, Charoenphandhu N. Update on type 2 diabetes-related osteoporosis. World J Diabetes. 2015;6(5):673\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4239\/wjd.v6.i5.673.","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"2602_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2017.1338254","volume":"20","author":"M Rabijewski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rabijewski M, Papierska L, Pi\u0105tkiewicz P. An association between bone mineral density and anabolic hormones in middle-aged and elderly men with prediabetes. Aging Male: Official J Int Soc Study Aging Male. 2017;20(3):205\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13685538.2017.1338254.","journal-title":"Aging Male: Official J Int Soc Study Aging Male"},{"issue":"1","key":"2602_CR57","first-page":"32","volume":"46","author":"US Topalo\u011flu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Topalo\u011flu US, Erol K. Bone mineral density and fracture risk in prediabetes: a controlled cross-sectional study. Acta Reumatologica Portuguesa. 2021;46(1):32\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Reumatologica Portuguesa"},{"key":"2602_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.01.005","volume":"121","author":"M Iki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iki M, Fujita Y, Kouda K, Yura A, Tachiki T, Tamaki J, et al. Hyperglycemic status is associated with an elevated risk of osteoporotic fracture in community-dwelling elderly Japanese men: the Fujiwara-kyo osteoporosis risk in men (FORMEN) cohort study. Bone. 2019;121:100\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2019.01.005.","journal-title":"Bone"}],"container-title":["Lipids in Health and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12944-025-02602-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12944-025-02602-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12944-025-02602-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T07:59:34Z","timestamp":1747814374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/lipidworld.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12944-025-02602-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-025-02602-w","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1476-511X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-511X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was performed according to the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration. The original protocol of the NHANES survey adhered to the STROBE statement and was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the National Center for Health Statistics. All participants signed informed consent forms. The data is publicly available, therefore, the ethical approval statement and the requirement for informed consent were waived for this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"183"}}