{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:39:37Z","timestamp":1790300377390,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Augsburg"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lipids Health Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the gender-specific associations of skeletal muscle mass and fat mass with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and NAFLD-related liver fibrosis in two population-based studies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Analyses were based on data from the MEGA (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009238) and the MEIA study (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009594) conducted between 2018 and 2023 in Augsburg, Germany. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to evaluate relative skeletal muscle mass (rSM) and SM index (SMI) as well as relative fat mass (rFM) and FM index (FMI); furthermore, the fat-to-muscle ratio was built. The fatty liver index (FLI) was calculated to identify NAFLD. To estimate the degree of liver fibrosis, liver stiffness was assessed in the MEGA study using ultrasound elastography. Multivariable gamma regression models with log-link were used to analyze the respective associations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>After adjusting for confounders, FMI and rFM (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) as well as SMI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) were significantly positive associated with FLI. The associations were non-linear, and effect modification by gender (p<jats:sub>gender\u2212interaction<\/jats:sub> &lt; 0.001) existed in all models except for SMI, while age modified the rSM and SMI results. The effect estimates for FMI and rFMI were higher in men than in women but approached each other at the high FMI range. Increasing rSM was inversely associated with FMI. The fat-to-muscle ratio was positively associated with FLI in men and women. However, no associations were found between the exposure variables and liver fibrosis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This population-based study demonstrated gender-specific positive associations between fat mass parameters and FLI, and an inverse association with rSM. Furthermore, for rSM effect modification by age was observed. Neither in men nor in women associations between body composition and liver fibrosis could be identified.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02694-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T05:10:22Z","timestamp":1757394622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Body muscle mass versus fat mass: gender-specific associations with NAFLD and liver fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Volaklis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Freuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Meisinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Linseisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2694_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039","volume":"73","author":"M Eslam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK, Anstee QM, Targher G, Romero-Gomez M, et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol. 2020;73:202\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2694_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29367","volume":"67","author":"N Chalasani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Charlton M, Cusi K, Rinella M, et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology. 2018;67:328\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.29367.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2694_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","volume":"64","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64:73\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.28431.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2694_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","volume":"77","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Younossi ZM, Golabi P, Paik JM, Henry A, van Dongen C, Henry L. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatology. 2023;77:1335\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2694_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0912063","volume":"363","author":"G Targher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Targher G, Day CP, Bonora E. Risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1341\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra0912063.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2694_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.02034.x","volume":"103","author":"W Dunn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dunn W, Xu R, Wingard DL, Rogers C, Angulo P, Younossi ZM, Schwimmer JB. Suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and mortality risk in a population-based cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:2263\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.02034.x.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2694_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00066-3","volume":"8","author":"MA Tincopa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tincopa MA, Loomba R. Non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;8:660\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00066-3.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2694_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13531","volume":"292","author":"R Paternostro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paternostro R, Trauner M. Current treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Intern Med. 2022;292:190\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.13531.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2694_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gordito Soler M, L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez \u00c1A, Vallejos D, Mart\u00ednez-Almoyna Rif\u00e1 E, Vicente-Herrero MT, Ram\u00edrez-Manent JI. Usefulness of body fat and visceral fat determined by bioimpedanciometry versus body mass index and waist circumference in predicting elevated values of different risk scales for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrients. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16132160.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16132160"},{"key":"2694_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-024-01615-3","volume":"24","author":"SA Hosseini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hosseini SA, Alipour M, Sarvandian S, Haghighat N, Bazyar H, Aghakhani L. Assessment of the appropriate cutoff points for anthropometric indices and their relationship with cardio-metabolic indices to predict the risk of metabolic associated fatty liver disease. BMC Endocr Disord. 2024;24:79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-024-01615-3.","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"2694_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70178-3_2","volume":"1043","author":"MA Bredella","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bredella MA. Sex differences in body composition. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;1043:9\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-70178-3_2.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2694_CR12","first-page":"633","volume":"9","author":"J Guy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guy J, Peters MG. Liver disease in women: the influence of gender on epidemiology, natural history, and patient outcomes. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2013;9:633\u20139.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)"},{"key":"2694_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30626","volume":"70","author":"A Lonardo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lonardo A, Nascimbeni F, Ballestri S, Fairweather D, Win S, Than TA, et al. Sex differences in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: state of the Art and identification of research gaps. Hepatology. 2019;70:1457\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.30626.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2694_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521002415","volume":"127","author":"G Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li G, Rios RS, Wang X-X, Yu Y, Zheng KI, Huang O-Y, et al. Sex influences the association between appendicular skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Br J Nutr. 2022;127:1613\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114521002415.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2694_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac059","volume":"115","author":"S Ciardullo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ciardullo S, Oltolini A, Cannistraci R, Muraca E, Perseghin G. Sex-related association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis with body fat distribution in the general US population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;115:1528\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac059.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2694_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-02997-9","volume":"23","author":"Y-T Cao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cao Y-T, Zhang W-H, Lou Y, Yan Q-H, Zhang Y-J, Qi F, et al. Sex- and reproductive status-specific relationships between body composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2023;23:364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-023-02997-9.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2694_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-021-01748-y","volume":"21","author":"T Miyake","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miyake T, Miyazaki M, Yoshida O, Kanzaki S, Nakaguchi H, Nakamura Y, et al. Relationship between body composition and the histology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2021;21:170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-021-01748-y.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2694_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-017-1377-3","volume":"53","author":"T Shida","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shida T, Akiyama K, Oh S, Sawai A, Isobe T, Okamoto Y, et al. Skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio is an important determinant affecting hepatic conditions of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol. 2018;53:535\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00535-017-1377-3.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2694_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S185705","volume":"12","author":"T Shida","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shida T, Oshida N, Oh S, Okada K, Shoda J. Progressive reduction in skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio is associated with a worsening of the hepatic conditions of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2019;12:495\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DMSO.S185705.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"2694_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002098","volume":"118","author":"JG Stine","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stine JG, DiJoseph K, Pattison Z, Harrington A, Chinchilli VM, Schmitz KH, Loomba R. Exercise training is associated with treatment response in liver fat content by magnetic resonance imaging independent of clinically significant body weight loss in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118:1204\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002098.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2694_CR21","volume-title":"Classifying educational programmes: manual for ISCED-97 implementation in OECD countries","author":"OECD","year":"1999","unstructured":"OECD. Classifying educational programmes: manual for ISCED-97 implementation in OECD countries. Paris: OECD; 1999."},{"key":"2694_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.11005\/jbm.2018.25.1.15","volume":"25","author":"JJ Moon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moon JJ, Park S-G, Ryu SM, Park C-H. New skeletal muscle mass index in diagnosis of sarcopenia. J Bone Metab. 2018;25:15\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11005\/jbm.2018.25.1.15.","journal-title":"J Bone Metab"},{"key":"2694_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-6-33","volume":"6","author":"G Bedogni","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bedogni G, Bellentani S, Miglioli L, Masutti F, Passalacqua M, Castiglione A, Tiribelli C. The fatty liver index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population. BMC Gastroenterol. 2006;6:33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-230X-6-33.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2694_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.03.009","volume":"41","author":"T Shiina","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shiina T, Nightingale KR, Palmeri ML, Hall TJ, Bamber JC, Barr RG, et al. WFUMB guidelines and recommendations for clinical use of ultrasound elastography: part 1: basic principles and terminology. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41:1126\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.03.009.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"2694_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-017-1375-1","volume":"43","author":"RG Barr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barr RG. Shear wave liver elastography. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2018;43:800\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-017-1375-1.","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"key":"2694_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2018.09.003","volume":"18","author":"CV Tovo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tovo CV, Villela-Nogueira CA, Leite NC, Panke CL, Port GZ, Fernandes S, et al. Transient hepatic elastography has the best performance to evaluate liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Ann Hepatol. 2019;18:445\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aohep.2018.09.003.","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"2694_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2014.11.029","volume":"402","author":"BF Palmer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. The sexual dimorphism of obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015;402:113\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2014.11.029.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2694_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3713","volume":"34","author":"LJM Alferink","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alferink LJM, Trajanoska K, Erler NS, Schoufour JD, de Knegt RJ, Ikram MA, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the Rotterdam study: about muscle mass, sarcopenia, fat mass, and fat distribution. J Bone Min Res. 2019;34:1254\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.3713.","journal-title":"J Bone Min Res"},{"key":"2694_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.07.024","volume":"14","author":"D Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim D, Chung GE, Kwak M-S, Seo HB, Kang JH, Kim W, et al. Body fat distribution and risk of incident and regressed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:132\u2013e84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.07.024.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2694_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.015000","volume":"132","author":"TM Abraham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abraham TM, Pedley A, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Fox CS. Association between visceral and subcutaneous adipose depots and incident cardiovascular disease risk factors. Circulation. 2015;132:1639\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.015000.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2694_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81507","volume":"125","author":"U Smith","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smith U. Abdominal obesity: a marker of ectopic fat accumulation. J Clin Invest. 2015;125:1790\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI81507.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2694_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G380","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1992.263.3.G380","volume":"263","author":"D Sorrentino","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sorrentino D, Zhou SL, Kokkotou E, Berk PD. Sex differences in hepatic fatty acid uptake reflect a greater affinity of the transport system in females. Am J Physiol. 1992;263:G380\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.1992.263.3.G380.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2694_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00431-8","volume":"17","author":"GH Goossens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goossens GH, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE. Sexual dimorphism in cardiometabolic health: the role of adipose tissue, muscle and liver. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17:47\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-020-00431-8.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2694_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.11.053","volume":"19","author":"M Sarkar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarkar M, Yates K, Suzuki A, Lavine J, Gill R, Ziegler T, et al. Low testosterone is associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis severity in men. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19:400\u2013e4022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.11.053.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2694_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.5604\/16652681.1235481","volume":"16","author":"V Jaruvongvanich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jaruvongvanich V, Sanguankeo A, Riangwiwat T, Upala S, Testosterone. Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Hepatol. 2017;16:382\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5604\/16652681.1235481.","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"2694_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61126-5","volume":"383","author":"S Basaria","year":"2014","unstructured":"Basaria S, Male hypogonadism. Lancet. 2014;383:1250\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61126-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2694_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28376","volume":"63","author":"Y Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee Y, Kim SU, Song K, Park JY, Kim DY, Ahn SH, et al. Sarcopenia is associated with significant liver fibrosis independently of obesity and insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: nationwide surveys (KNHANES 2008\u20132011). Hepatology. 2016;63:776\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.28376.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2694_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12598","volume":"11","author":"S Kang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kang S, Moon MK, Kim W, Koo BK. Association between muscle strength and advanced fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a Korean nationwide survey. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2020;11:1232\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12598.","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2694_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10265-9","volume":"16","author":"W Da Fang, Tang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Da Fang, Tang W, Zhao X, Sun H, Gu T, Bi Y. Gender differences in the association of body composition and biopsy-proved nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol Int. 2022;16:337\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-021-10265-9.","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"2694_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.067","volume":"19","author":"M Balakrishnan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balakrishnan M, Patel P, Dunn-Valadez S, Dao C, Khan V, Ali H, et al. Women have a lower risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease but a higher risk of progression vs men: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19:61\u2013e7115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.067.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2694_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20517\/mtod.2021.08","author":"A Lonardo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lonardo A, Ballestri S, Bedogni G, Bellentani S, Tiribelli C. The fatty liver index (FLI) 15 years later: a reappraisal. MTOD. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20517\/mtod.2021.08.","journal-title":"MTOD"}],"container-title":["Lipids in Health and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12944-025-02694-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12944-025-02694-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12944-025-02694-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T06:49:20Z","timestamp":1757486960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/lipidworld.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12944-025-02694-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-025-02694-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-511X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-511X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"278"}}