{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T11:19:30Z","timestamp":1770722370325,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Program of the Basic Research Project of China","award":["2019FY101003, 2013FY114200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019FY101003, 2013FY114200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lipids Health Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lipids play crucial roles in maternal and foetal metabolism; however, their effects on birth weight remain unclear. Moreover, the potential mediating role of inadequate gestational weight gain (iGWG) in this association remains unexplored. The objective of this study was to assess maternal lipid profiles in the third trimester and their associations with the risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants, focusing on the combined effects of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). This study also examined whether iGWG influenced this relationship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data were sourced from the Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort. Maternal fasting lipid levels were measured during the third trimester and birth information was retrieved from medical records. Log-Poisson regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between lipid tertiles and SGA risk. The possible mediating role of iGWG was examined using the\n                      <jats:italic>mediation<\/jats:italic>\n                      package in R.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An increased risk of SGA was associated with high HDL-C levels (adjusted relative risk [aRR], 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15\u20132.07), particularly among mothers with high HDL-C and low TG levels (aRR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.10\u20132.87). This association remained significant among individuals with normal pre-pregnancy weight. The relationship between lipid profiles and SGA was independent of iGWG.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An increased risk of SGA was associated with high maternal HDL-C levels. The combination of low TG and high HDL-C levels was identified as a significant predictor of SGA. iGWG did not explain these associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-026-02865-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T22:44:52Z","timestamp":1768257892000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relationship between maternal lipid profile during the third trimester and the risk of small-for-gestational-age birth: exploring inadequate gestational weight gain as a mediator"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Maissam","family":"Ghanem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huaqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nianhong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2865_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-9-58","volume":"9","author":"D Mankuta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mankuta D, Elami-Suzin M, Elhayani A, Vinker S. Lipid profile in consecutive pregnancies. Lipids Health Dis. 2010;9:1\u20134.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"2865_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.70.768","volume":"70","author":"H Saarelainen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saarelainen H, Laitinen T, Raitakari OT, Juonala M, Heiskanen N, Lyyra-Laitinen T, et al. Pregnancy-related hyperlipidemia and endothelial function in healthy women. Circ J. 2006;70:768\u201372.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"2865_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang W, Li N, Wang X, Zhang X, Tu M, Lin L, et al. Remnant cholesterol is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;dgad262.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad262"},{"key":"2865_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12070590","volume":"12","author":"Y Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang Y, Wang Y, Lv Y, Ding H. Dissecting the roles of lipids in preeclampsia. Metabolites. 2022;12:590.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"2865_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951871","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.951871","volume":"13","author":"SM Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu SM, Zhang HQ, Li C, Zhang C, Yu JL, Wu YT, et al. Maternal lipid profile during early pregnancy and birth weight: a retrospective study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:951871.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2865_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05630-5","volume":"23","author":"P Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi P, Tang J, Yin X. Association between second-and third-trimester maternal lipid profiles and adverse perinatal outcomes among women with GDM and non-GDM: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023;23(1):318.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2865_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002717","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002717","volume":"15","author":"JF Ludvigsson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ludvigsson JF, Lu D, Hammarstr\u00f6m L, Cnattingius S, Fang F. Small for gestational age and risk of childhood mortality: a Swedish population study. PLoS Med. 2018;15:e1002717.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2865_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.35.5.253","volume":"35","author":"Q Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu Q, Yang H, Sun X, Li G. Risk factors and complications of small for gestational age. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35:1199.","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"2865_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13993","volume":"107","author":"B Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu B, Garcy AM. A longitudinal study of cognitive and educational outcomes of those born small for gestational age. Acta Paediatr. 2018;107:86\u201394.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2865_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15224781","volume":"15","author":"J Zamojska","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zamojska J, Niewiadomska-Jarosik K, Kierzkowska B, Gruca M, Wosiak A, Smolewska E. Lipid profile in children born small for gestational age. Nutrients. 2023;15:4781.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2865_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy005","volume":"24","author":"NB Oldereid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oldereid NB, Wennerholm U-B, Pinborg A, Loft A, Laivuori H, Petzold M, et al. The effect of paternal factors on perinatal and paediatric outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2018;24:320\u201389.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2865_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obesity LP-M, Voerman E, Santos S, Inskip H, Amiano P, Barros H, et al. Association of gestational weight gain with adverse maternal and infant outcomes. JAMA. 2019;321:1702.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.3820"},{"key":"2865_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.216374","volume":"145","author":"N Kozuki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kozuki N, Katz J, Lee ACC, Vogel JP, Silveira MF, Sania A, et al. Short maternal stature increases risk of small-for-gestational-age and preterm births in low-and middle-income countries: individual participant data meta-analysis and population attributable fraction. J Nutr. 2015;145:2542\u201350.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2865_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y, Chen Z, Zhang F. Association between maternal lipid levels during pregnancy and delivery of small for gestational age: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:934505.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.934505"},{"key":"2865_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811217","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.811217","volume":"9","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Wang H, Yang L, Zhao M, Magnussen CG, Xi B. Associations between gestational weight gain and adverse birth outcomes: a population-based retrospective cohort study of 9 million mother-infant pairs. Front Nutr. 2022;9:811217.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2865_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05991-x","volume":"23","author":"K Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang K, Jia X, Yu W, Cheng X, Li Y, Wang X, et al. The associations of gestational weight gain and midpregnancy lipid levels with placental size and placental-to-birth weight ratio: findings from a Chinese birth cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023;23:725.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2865_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e152","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac209","volume":"52","author":"C Zhong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhong C, Chen R, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Liu C, Huang L, et al. Cohort Profile: The Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort (TMCHC). Int J Epidemiol. 2023;52:e152\u201361.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2865_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e104779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104779","volume":"9","author":"L Dai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dai L, Deng C, Li Y, Zhu J, Mu Y, Deng Y, et al. Birth weight reference percentiles for Chinese. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e104779.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2865_CR19","first-page":"5","volume":"23","author":"B Zhou","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zhou B. Predictive values of body mass index and waist circumference to risk factors of related diseases in Chinese adult population. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2002;23:5\u201310.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"2865_CR20","unstructured":"Society CN. Weight Monitoring Evaluation During Pregnancy Period of Chinese Women. 2021; https:\/\/www.cnsoc.org\/otherNotice\/392100200.html. Accessed Sept 2024."},{"key":"2865_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","volume":"51","author":"RM Baron","year":"1986","unstructured":"Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator\u2013mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51:1173.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2865_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.2741\/2247","volume":"12","author":"FM von Versen-Hoeynck","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Versen-Hoeynck FM, Powers RW. Maternal-fetal metabolism in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Front Biosci. 2007;12:2457\u201370.","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"2865_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-9-104","volume":"9","author":"N Shuhei","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shuhei N, S\u00f6derlund S, Jauhiainen M, Taskinen M-R. Effect of HDL composition and particle size on the resistance of HDL to the oxidation. Lipids Health Dis. 2010;9:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"2865_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2007.02.001","volume":"1","author":"WV Brown","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brown WV. High-density lipoprotein and transport of cholesterol and triglyceride in blood. J Clin Lipidol. 2007;1:7\u201319.","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"2865_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.04.082","volume":"487","author":"X Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu X, Wang TT, Li Y, Shi MM, Li HM, Yuan HX, et al. High density lipoprotein from coronary artery disease patients caused abnormal expression of long non-coding RNAs in vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017;487:552\u20139.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2865_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9010019","volume":"9","author":"X Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen X, Scholl TO, Stein TP, Steer RA, Williams KP. Maternal circulating lipid profile during early pregnancy: racial\/ethnic differences and association with spontaneous preterm delivery. Nutrients. 2017;9:19.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2865_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.15.1891","volume":"293","author":"PO Kwiterovich","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kwiterovich PO, Cockrill SL, Virgil DG, Garrett ES, Otvos J, Knight-Gibson C, et al. A large high-density lipoprotein enriched in apolipoprotein CI: a novel biochemical marker in infants of lower birth weight and younger gestational age. JAMA. 2005;293:1891\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2865_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.05.014","volume":"163","author":"MS Kramer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kramer MS, Kahn SR, Dahhou M, Otvos J, Genest J, Platt RW, et al. Maternal lipids and small for gestational age birth at term. J Pediatr. 2013;163:983\u20138.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2865_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"Q Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen Q, Chen H, Xi F, Sagnelli M, Zhao B, Chen Y, et al. Association between maternal blood lipids levels during pregnancy and risk of small-for-gestational-age infants. Sci Rep. 2020;10:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2865_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01264-0","volume":"19","author":"H Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang H, Dang Q, Zhu H, Liang N, Le Z, Huang D, et al. Associations between maternal serum HDL-c concentrations during pregnancy and neonatal birth weight: a population-based cohort study. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"2865_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.43","volume":"19","author":"VK Misra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Misra VK, Trudeau S, Perni U. Maternal serum lipids during pregnancy and infant birth weight: the influence of prepregnancy BMI. Obesity. 2011;19:1476\u201381.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"2865_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0512-5","volume":"15","author":"C Sommer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sommer C, Sletner L, M\u00f8rkrid K, Jenum AK, Birkeland KI. Effects of early pregnancy BMI, mid-gestational weight gain, glucose and lipid levels in pregnancy on offspring\u2019s birth weight and subcutaneous fat: a population-based cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15:1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2865_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2023.04.005","volume":"17","author":"H Go","year":"2023","unstructured":"Go H, Hashimoto K, Maeda H, Ogasawara K, Kyozuka H, Murata T, et al. Maternal triglyceride levels and neonatal outcomes: the Japan environment and children\u2019s study. J Clin Lipidol. 2023;17:356\u201366.","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"2865_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12693","volume":"19","author":"J Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang J, Moore D, Subramanian A, Cheng KK, Toulis KA, Qiu X, et al. Gestational dyslipidaemia and adverse birthweight outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2018;19:1256\u201368.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2865_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16153","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150916153","volume":"15","author":"KE Brett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brett KE, Ferraro ZM, Yockell-Lelievre J, Gruslin A, Adamo KB. Maternal\u2013fetal nutrient transport in pregnancy pathologies: The role of the placenta. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15:16153\u201385.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2865_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2018.10.022","volume":"122","author":"AJ Szabo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Szabo AJ. Transferred maternal fatty acids stimulate fetal adipogenesis and lead to neonatal and adult obesity. Med Hypotheses. 2019;122:82\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"2865_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2008.23","volume":"21","author":"M Fasshauer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fasshauer M, Seeger J, Waldeyer T, Schrey S, Ebert T, Kratzsch J, et al. Serum levels of the adipokine adipocyte fatty acid\u2013binding protein are increased in preeclampsia. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21:582\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2865_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2017.12.006","volume":"84","author":"P Chavan-Gautam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chavan-Gautam P, Rani A, Freeman DJ. Distribution of fatty acids and lipids during pregnancy. Adv Clin Chem. 2018;84:209\u201339.","journal-title":"Adv Clin Chem"},{"key":"2865_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2002.0771","volume":"23","author":"E Herrera","year":"2002","unstructured":"Herrera E. Implications of dietary fatty acids during pregnancy on placental, fetal and postnatal development\u2014a review. Placenta. 2002;23:S9-19.","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2865_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03244-3","volume":"62","author":"PF Van Der Pligt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Van Der Pligt PF, Kuswara K, McNaughton SA, Abbott G, Islam SMS, Huynh K, et al. Maternal diet quality and associations with plasma lipid profiles and pregnancy-related cardiometabolic health. Eur J Nutr. 2023;62:3369\u201381.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"2865_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6038","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05045-1","volume":"7","author":"W Zhu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhu W, Tang S, Shen Z, Wang Y, Liang L. Growth hormone reverses dyslipidemia in adult offspring after maternal undernutrition. Sci Rep. 2017;7:6038.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2865_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-2834-1","volume":"20","author":"SG Okala","year":"2020","unstructured":"Okala SG, Sise EA, Sosseh F, Prentice AM, Woollett LA, Moore SE. Maternal plasma lipid levels across pregnancy and the risks of small-for-gestational age and low birth weight: a cohort study from rural Gambia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20:1\u201316.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2865_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00083","volume":"39","author":"MJJ Finken","year":"2018","unstructured":"Finken MJJ, van der Steen M, Smeets CCJ, Walenkamp MJE, de Bruin C, Hokken-Koelega ACS, et al. Children born small for gestational age: differential diagnosis, molecular genetic evaluation, and implications. Endocr Rev. 2018;39:851\u201394.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2865_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12183","volume":"21","author":"G Garrabou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garrabou G, Hern\u00e0ndez A, Catalan Garcia M, Mor\u00e9n C, Tob\u00edas E, C\u00f3rdoba S, et al. Molecular basis of reduced birth weight in smoking pregnant women: mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Addiction Biol. 2016;21:159\u201370.","journal-title":"Addiction Biol"},{"key":"2865_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-2750-y","volume":"288","author":"T Emet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Emet T, \u00dcst\u00fcner I, G\u00fcven SG, Bal\u0131k G, Ural \u00dcM, Tekin YB, et al. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins during pregnancy and related pregnancy outcomes. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;288:49\u201355.","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"2865_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30311-8","volume":"391","author":"J Stephenson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stephenson J, Heslehurst N, Hall J, Schoenaker DAJM, Hutchinson J, Cade JE, et al. Before the beginning: nutrition and lifestyle in the preconception period and its importance for future health. Lancet. 2018;391:1830\u201341.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2865_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114522001921","author":"L Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin L, Chen X, Zhong C, Huang L, Li Q, Zhang X, et al. Timing of gestational weight gain in association with birth weight outcomes: a prospective cohort study. Br J Nutr. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114522001921.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2865_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13233","volume":"14","author":"H Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu H, Feng P, Yu Q, Zhu W, Xu H, Wu D, et al. The mediating role of gestational diabetes mellitus in the associations of maternal prepregnancy body mass index with neonatal birth weight. J Diabetes. 2022;14:26\u201333.","journal-title":"J Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Lipids in Health and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12944-026-02865-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12944-026-02865-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12944-026-02865-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T15:06:19Z","timestamp":1770649579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12944-026-02865-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2865"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-026-02865-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-511X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-511X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All procedures in this study were approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Tongji Medical College at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), China (approval no. 201302). All the steps were performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"44"}}