{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T03:00:37Z","timestamp":1773802837276,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lipids Health Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-026-02885-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T23:25:16Z","timestamp":1770765916000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The influence of ethnicity and sex on lipid profile and cardiovascular risk factors: a population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Alejandra P\u00e9rez-Montes","family":"de Oca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anal\u00eda","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Arteaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura Ferrer","family":"Estopi\u00f1an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Costa-Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meritxell","family":"Carmona-Cervell\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Chacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Ruiz-Rojano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"L\u00f3pez-Lifante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pere","family":"Tor\u00e1n-Monserrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuria Alonso","family":"Pedrol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9438","key":"2885_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17018-9","volume":"11","author":"S Yusuf","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;11(9438):937\u201352.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2885_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2021.100149","volume":"5","author":"HE Bays","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bays HE, Taub PR, Epstein E, Michos ED, Ferraro RA, Bailey AL, et al. Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2021;5:100149.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2885_CR3","first-page":"e30119","volume":"14","author":"D Adhikary","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adhikary D, Barman S, Ranjan R, Stone H. A systematic review of major cardiovascular risk factors: A growing global health concern. Cureus. 2022;14(10):e30119.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"25","key":"2885_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.11.005","volume":"80","author":"M Vaduganathan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vaduganathan M, Mensah GA, Turco JV, Fuster V, Roth GA. The global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk: A compass for future health. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80(25):2361\u201371.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2885_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0319617","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319617","volume":"20","author":"Q Cheung","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheung Q, Wharton S, Josse A, Kuk JL. Ethnic variations in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and associations with prevalent CVD and CVD mortality in the united States. PLoS ONE. 2025;20(3):e0319617.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"2885_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.7326\/M23-0507","volume":"176","author":"J He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He J, Bundy JD, Geng S, Tian L, He H, Li X, et al. Social, Behavioral, and metabolic risk factors and Racial disparities in cardiovascular disease mortality in U.S. Adults: an observational study. Ann Intern Med. 2023;176(9):1200\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2885_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borkowski P, Borkowska N, Mangeshkar S, Adal BH, Singh N. Racial and socioeconomic determinants of cardiovascular health: a comprehensive review. Cureus. 2024;16(5):e59497.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.59497"},{"issue":"3","key":"2885_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.058311","volume":"146","author":"NS Shah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shah NS, Ning H, Petito LC, Kershaw KN, Bancks MP, Reis JP, et al. Associations of clinical and social risk factors with racial differences in premature cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2022;146(3):201\u201310.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2885_CR9","unstructured":"Idescat, Novedades. Censo de poblaci\u00f3n y viviendas. 2024. Poblaci\u00f3n extranjera. Available from: http:\/\/www.idescat.net\/novetats\/?id=5145&lang=es.\u00a0Cited 22 Dec 2025."},{"key":"2885_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745539","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.745539","volume":"8","author":"J Dong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dong J, Yang S, Zhuang Q, Sun J, Wei P, Zhao X, et al. The associations of lipid profiles with cardiovascular diseases and death in a 10-Year prospective cohort study. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:745539.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2885_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.07.057","volume":"55","author":"BJ Arsenault","year":"2009","unstructured":"Arsenault BJ, Rana JS, Stroes ESG, Despr\u00e9s JP, Shah PK, Kastelein JJP, et al. Beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: respective contributions of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and the total cholesterol\/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio to coronary heart disease risk in apparently healthy men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;55(1):35\u201341.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"2885_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.10.008","volume":"76","author":"O Casta\u00f1er","year":"2020","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1er O, Pint\u00f3 X, Subirana I, Amor AJ, Ros E, Hern\u00e1ez \u00c1, et al. Remnant Cholesterol, not LDL Cholesterol, is associated with incident cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(23):2712\u201324.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"2885_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.02.001","volume":"79","author":"I Fegers-Wustrow","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fegers-Wustrow I, Gianos E, Halle M, Yang E. Comparison of American and European guidelines for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: JACC guideline comparison. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(13):1304\u201313.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2885_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000412","volume":"28","author":"K van den Gazzola","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gazzola K, Reeskamp L, van den Born BJ. Ethnicity, lipids and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2017;28(3):225\u201330.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2885_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2017.01.011","volume":"12","author":"AR Bentley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bentley AR, Rotimi CN. Inter-ethnic differences in serum lipids: implications for cardiometabolic disease risk in African ancestry populations. Glob Heart. 2017;12(2):141\u201350.","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"issue":"3","key":"2885_CR16","first-page":"135","volume":"19","author":"MDM Garc\u00eda-Gil","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Gil MDM, Hermosilla E, Prieto-Alhambra D, Fina F, Rosell M, Ramos R, et al. Construction and validation of a scoring system for the selection of high-quality data in a Spanish population primary care database (SIDIAP). Inf Prim Care. 2011;19(3):135\u201345.","journal-title":"Inf Prim Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2885_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01677-9","volume":"18","author":"K Siddiqi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siddiqi K, Husain S, Vidyasagaran A, Readshaw A, Mishu MP, Sheikh A. Global burden of disease due to smokeless tobacco consumption in adults: an updated analysis of data from 127 countries. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):222.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2885_CR18","unstructured":"Organization WH. WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000\u20132025. World Health Organization. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/348537.\u00a0Cited 14 Sept 2024."},{"issue":"8","key":"2885_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s12170-019-0618-9","volume":"13","author":"M Makshood","year":"2019","unstructured":"Makshood M, Post WS, Kanaya AM. Lipids in South asians: epidemiology and management. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2019;13(8):24.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"2885_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011221190238","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399817999210112192419","volume":"17","author":"A Saeed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saeed A, Virani SS, Mulukutla S, Chow CK. Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease prevention in South asians: A review and discussion of Causes, challenges and management strategies. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2021;17(9):e011221190238.","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"2885_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Xu X, Wang G, Zhang Q, Li Y, Zhu J et al. Association between the triglyceride-glucose index and carotid plaque progression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study. Front Endocrinol. 2025;16. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/endocrinology\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1709079\/full.\u00a0Cited 22 Dec 2025.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1709079"},{"issue":"9","key":"2885_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i9.1401","volume":"15","author":"IM El-Kebbi","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Kebbi IM, Bidikian NH, Hneiny L, Nasrallah MP. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in the middle East and North africa: challenges and call for action. World J Diabetes. 2021;15(9):1401\u201325.","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"2885_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16540-8","volume":"24","author":"N Namazi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Namazi N, Moghaddam SS, Esmaeili S, Peimani M, Tehrani YS, Bandarian F, et al. Burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in North Africa and the middle East, 1990\u20132019: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):98.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"30","key":"2885_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac113","volume":"43","author":"P Lopez-Jaramillo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lopez-Jaramillo P, Joseph P, Lopez-Lopez JP, Lanas F, Avezum A, Diaz R, et al. Risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in South america: a PURE substudy. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(30):2841\u201351.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2885_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2021.38.112.28180","volume":"38","author":"JJ Noubiap","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noubiap JJ. Clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors in sub-Saharan Africans. Pan Afr Med J. 2021;38:112.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2885_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002017","volume":"71","author":"K Yamagata","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yamagata K, Ishida K, Sairenchi T, Takahashi H, Ohba S, Shiigai T, et al. Risk factors for chronic kidney disease in a community-based population: a 10-year follow-up study. Kidney Int. 2007;71(2):159\u201366.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2885_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09757-4","volume":"20","author":"G Touloumi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Touloumi G, Karakosta A, Kalpourtzi N, Gavana M, Vantarakis A, Kantzanou M, et al. High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in adults living in greece: the EMENO National health examination survey. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1665.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2885_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefroe.2018.04.010","volume":"38","author":"M Gorostidi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gorostidi M, S\u00e1nchez-Mart\u00ednez M, Ruilope LM, Graciani A, de la Cruz JJ, Santamar\u00eda R, et al. Chronic kidney disease in spain: prevalence and impact of accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors. Nefrolog\u00eda (English Edition). 2018;38(6):606\u201315.","journal-title":"Nefrolog\u00eda (English Edition)"},{"issue":"15","key":"2885_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320905185","volume":"27","author":"AJ Vallejo-Vaz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vallejo-Vaz AJ, Leiter LA, Del Prato S, Taskinen MR, M\u00fcller-Wieland D, Bujas-Bobanovic M, et al. Triglyceride concentrations and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment in the ODYSSEY phase 3 trials with Alirocumab. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020;27(15):1663\u201374.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2885_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf113","volume":"156","author":"DE Bild","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bild DE, Bluemke DA, Burke GL, Detrano R, Diez Roux AV, Folsom AR, et al. Multi-Ethnic study of atherosclerosis: objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(9):871\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2885_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117522","volume":"392","author":"V Jain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jain V, Rifai MA, Kanaya AM, Shah NS, Talegawkar SA, Virani SS, et al. Association of cardiovascular health with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis progression among five Racial and ethnic groups: the MASALA and MESA studies. Atherosclerosis. 2024;392:117522.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2885_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.01.018","volume":"161","author":"JZ Willey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Willey JZ, Rodriguez CJ, Carlino RF, Moon YP, Paik MC, Boden-Albala B, et al. Race-ethnic differences in the relationship between lipid profile components and risk of myocardial infarction: the Northern Manhattan study. Am Heart J. 2011;161(5):886\u201392.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2885_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-017-0231-1","volume":"14","author":"P Mirmiran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mirmiran P, Esfandiar Z, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Koochakpoor G, Daneshpour MS, Sedaghati-Khayat B, et al. Genetic variations of cholesteryl ester transfer protein and diet interactions in relation to lipid profiles and coronary heart disease: a systematic review. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2017;14:77.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"key":"2885_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera-\u00cd\u00f1iguez I, Gonz\u00e1lez-Becerra K, Ramos-Lopez O, Per\u00e9z-Beltr\u00e1n YE, Chag\u00fc\u00e9n-Hern\u00e1ndez MS, Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez E, et al. Lipid-Related genetic variants for personalized dietary interventions: A systematic review. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2023 July;67(14):e2200675.","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202200675"},{"key":"2885_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346152","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1346152","volume":"15","author":"G Bosco","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bosco G, Di Giacomo Barbagallo F, Di Marco M, Miano N, Scilletta S, Spampinato S, et al. The impact of SLCO1B1 rs4149056 on LDL-C target achievement after lipid Lowering therapy optimization in men and women with Familial hypercholesterolemia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1346152.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"}],"container-title":["Lipids in Health and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12944-026-02885-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12944-026-02885-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12944-026-02885-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:03:29Z","timestamp":1773795809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12944-026-02885-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2885"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-026-02885-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-511X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-511X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"None.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosures"}}],"article-number":"78"}}