{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:52:29Z","timestamp":1791291149674,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":43,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lipids Health Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-026-03036-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:25:53Z","timestamp":1787531153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Triglyceride\u2013glucose index as a cardiovascular risk marker: updated evidence, limitations, and future perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Mariia","family":"Cherska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khrystyna","family":"Kukharchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandr","family":"Ceasovschih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victorita","family":"Sorodoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Fogacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatyana","family":"Storozhenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.M.","family":"Abd El-Aty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"3036_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000395","volume":"133","author":"RL Sacco","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sacco RL, Roth GA, Reddy KS, et al. The Heart of 25 by 25: Achieving the Goal of Reducing Global and Regional Premature Deaths From Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke: A Modeling Study From the American Heart Association and World Heart Federation. Circulation. 2016;133(23):674\u201390.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01511-x","volume":"21","author":"LC Tao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tao LC, Xu JN, Wang TT, Hua F, Li JJ. Triglyceride-glucose index as a marker in cardiovascular diseases: landscape and limitations. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):68.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3036_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1178-6","volume":"19","author":"PD Rosenblit","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosenblit PD. Extreme atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk recognition. Curr Diab Rep. 2019;19(8):61.","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"3036_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.12997\/jla.2019.8.2.173","volume":"8","author":"S Choi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Choi S. The potential role of biomarkers associated with ASCVD risk: risk-enhancing biomarkers. J Lipid Atheroscler. 2019;8(2):173\u201382.","journal-title":"J Lipid Atheroscler"},{"issue":"4","key":"3036_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0119-4","volume":"16","author":"D Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao D, Liu J, Wang M, Zhang X, Zhou M. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in China: current features and implications. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019;16(4):203\u201312.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01546-0","volume":"21","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Tan Z, Huang Y, et al. Relationship between the triglyceride-glucose index and risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):124.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3036_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-018-0376-8","volume":"10","author":"SH Khan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khan SH, Sobia F, Niazi NK, et al. Metabolic clustering of risk factors: evaluation of Triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) for evaluation of insulin resistance. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2018;10:74.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"3036_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154766","volume":"119","author":"MA Hill","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hill MA, Yang Y, Zhang L, et al. Insulin resistance, cardiovascular stiffening and cardiovascular disease. Metabolism. 2021;119:154766.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00247-1","volume":"4","author":"P Lopez-Jaramillo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lopez-Jaramillo P, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Martinez-Bello D, et al. Association of the triglyceride glucose index as a measure of insulin resistance with mortality and cardiovascular disease in populations from five continents (PURE study): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2023;4(1):23\u201333.","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0762-4","volume":"17","author":"V Ormazabal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, Aguayo C, Salomon C, Zu\u00f1iga FA. Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):122.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3036_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S275898","volume":"13","author":"YT Wondmkun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wondmkun YT, Obesity. Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes: Associations and Therapeutic Implications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:3611\u20136.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"issue":"4","key":"3036_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2023.1703","volume":"38","author":"JH Moon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moon JH, Kim Y, Oh TJ, et al. Triglyceride-Glucose Index Predicts Future Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: A 16-Year Follow-up in a Prospective, Community-Dwelling Cohort Study. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2023;38(4):406\u201317.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"issue":"3","key":"3036_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14155","volume":"23","author":"HV Minh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Minh HV, Tien HA, Sinh CT, et al. Assessment of preferred methods to measure insulin resistance in Asian patients with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2021;23(3):529\u201337.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"issue":"3","key":"3036_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2019.021","volume":"163","author":"S Placzkowska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Placzkowska S, Pawlik-Sobecka L, Kokot I, Piwowar A. Indirect insulin resistance detection: current clinical trends and laboratory limitations. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2019;163(3):187\u201399.","journal-title":"Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub"},{"issue":"4","key":"3036_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2008.0034","volume":"6","author":"LE Simental-Mend\u00eda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Simental-Mend\u00eda LE, Rodr\u00edguez-Mor\u00e1n M, Guerrero-Romero F. The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2008;6(4):299\u2013304.","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"3036_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0288","volume":"95","author":"F Guerrero-Romero","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guerrero-Romero F, Simental-Mend\u00eda LE, Gonz\u00e1lez-Ortiz M, Mart\u00ednez-Abundis E, Ramos-Zavala MG, Hern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez SO, Jacques-Camarena O, Rodr\u00edguez-Mor\u00e1n M. The product of triglycerides and glucose, a simple measure of insulin sensitivity. Comparison with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(7):3347\u201351.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"3036_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.05.030","volume":"93","author":"AC Vasques","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vasques AC, Novaes FS, de Oliveira MS, et al. TyG index performs better than HOMA in a Brazilian population: a hyperglycemic clamp validated study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;93(3):98\u2013100.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"3036_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90430","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090430","volume":"9","author":"SH Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee SH, Kwon HS, Park YM, et al. Predicting the development of diabetes using the product of triglycerides and glucose: the Chungju Metabolic Disease Cohort (CMC) study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(2):90430.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3036_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.01.022","volume":"86","author":"D Navarro-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Navarro-Gonz\u00e1lez D, S\u00e1nchez-\u00cd\u00f1igo L, Pastrana-Delgado J, Fern\u00e1ndez-Montero A, Martinez JA. Triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) in comparison with fasting plasma glucose improved diabetes prediction in patients with normal fasting glucose: the Vascular-Metabolic CUN cohort. Prev Med. 2016;86:99\u2013105.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01121-5","volume":"19","author":"N Barzegar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barzegar N, Tohidi M, Hasheminia M, Azizi F, Hadaegh F. The impact of triglyceride-glucose index on incident cardiovascular events during 16 years of follow-up: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):155.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3036_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02862-3","volume":"75","author":"Q Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Q, Cui H, Ma Y, Han X, Cao Z, Wu Y. Triglyceride-glucose index associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease: the Kailuan study. Endocrine. 2021;75(2):392\u20139.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01824-2","volume":"18","author":"S Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong S, Han K, Park CY. The triglyceride glucose index is a simple and low-cost marker associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a population-based study. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):361.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01456-1","volume":"21","author":"H Cui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cui H, Liu Q, Wu Y, Cao L. Cumulative triglyceride-glucose index is a risk for CVD: a prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):22.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2607796","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2607796","volume":"58","author":"C Zhang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang C, Li M, Liu L, Zhong Y, Xie Y, Liao B, Feng J, Deng L. Triglyceride-glucose index as a novel predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with coronary revascularization: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Ann Med. 2026;58(1):2607796.","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3036_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70270","volume":"28","author":"G Mavraganis","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mavraganis G, Georgiopoulos G, Athanasopoulos S, Terentes-Printzios D, Zervas G, Konstantaki C, Koilakou ME, Giannakopoulou SP, Dimopoulou MA, Chrysochoou C, Tsioufis K, Pitsavos C, Liberopoulos E, Stellos K, Vlachopoulos C, Panagiotakos D, Stamatelopoulos K. Improving cardiovascular risk stratification through the derivation and validation of an elevated triglyceride-glucose index. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026;28(2):982\u201393.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"3036_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacasi.2025.12.015","volume":"6","author":"H Li","year":"2026","unstructured":"Li H, Chen S, Zhang R, Tian X, Wu S, Wang A. Validation and Recalibration of PCE, China-PAR, and PREVENT Models for Estimating ASCVD Risk in China. JACC Asia. 2026;6(5):602\u201316.","journal-title":"JACC Asia"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02374-6","volume":"70","author":"E Dikaiakou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dikaiakou E, Vlachopapadopoulou EA, Paschou SA, Athanasouli F, Panagiotopoulos \u0399, Kafetzi M, Fotinou A, Michalacos S. \u03a4riglycerides-glucose (TyG) index is a sensitive marker of insulin resistance in Greek children and adolescents. Endocrine. 2020;70(1):58\u201364.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"6","key":"3036_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2019.107442","volume":"34","author":"A Nakagomi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nakagomi A, Sunami Y, Kawasaki Y, Fujisawa T, Kobayashi Y. Sex difference in the association between surrogate markers of insulin resistance and arterial stiffness. J Diabetes Complications. 2020;34(6):107442.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01391-7","volume":"20","author":"YW Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu YW, Chang CC, Chou RH, et al. Gender difference in the association between TyG index and subclinical atherosclerosis: results from the I-Lan Longitudinal Aging Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):206.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3036_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.307547","volume":"118","author":"M Garcia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garcia M, Mulvagh SL, Merz CN, Buring JE, Manson JE. Cardiovascular disease in women: clinical perspectives. Circ Res. 2016;118:1273\u201393.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02148-8","volume":"23","author":"G Alavi Tabatabaei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alavi Tabatabaei G, Mohammadifard N, Rafiee H, Nouri F, Maghami Mehr A, Najafian J, Sadeghi M, Boshtam M, Roohafza H, Haghighatdoost F, Taheri M, Sarrafzadegan N. Association of the triglyceride glucose index with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a general population of Iranian adults. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):66.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-01728-4","volume":"29","author":"H Rafiee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rafiee H, Mohammadifard N, Nouri F, Alavi Tabatabaei G, Najafian J, Sadeghi M, Boshtam M, Roohafza H, Haghighatdoost F, Hassannejad R, Sarrafzadegan N. Association of triglyceride glucose index with cardiovascular events: insights from the Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS). Eur J Med Res. 2024;29(1):135.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01186-2","volume":"19","author":"B Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park B, Lee YJ, Lee HS, Jung DH. The triglyceride-glucose index predicts ischemic heart disease risk in Koreans: a prospective study using National Health Insurance Service data. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):210.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3036_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12583","volume":"46","author":"L S\u00e1nchez-\u00cd\u00f1igo","year":"2016","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-\u00cd\u00f1igo L, Navarro-Gonz\u00e1lez D, Fern\u00e1ndez-Montero A, Pastrana-Delgado J, Mart\u00ednez JA. The TyG index may predict the development of cardiovascular events. Eur J Clin Invest. 2016;46(2):189\u201397.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01268-9","volume":"20","author":"X Ding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ding X, Wang X, Wu J, Zhang M, Cui M. Triglyceride-glucose index and the incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):76.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3036_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.02.023","volume":"13","author":"MM Adeva-Andany","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adeva-Andany MM, Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Luc\u00e1n M, Fern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez C, Castro-Quintela E. Insulin resistance is a cardiovascular risk factor in humans. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13(2):1449\u201355.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"3036_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.29","volume":"10","author":"M Laakso","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laakso M, Kuusisto J. Insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in cardiovascular disease development. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014;10(5):293\u2013302.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI77812","volume":"126","author":"VT Samuel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Samuel VT, Shulman GI. The pathogenesis of insulin resistance: integrating signaling pathways and substrate flux. J Clin Invest. 2016;126(1):12\u201322.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"3036_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz068","volume":"48","author":"M Ala-Korpela","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ala-Korpela M. The culprit is the carrier, not the loads: cholesterol, triglycerides and apolipoprotein B in atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48(5):1389\u201392.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3036_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12562","volume":"280","author":"L Ozcan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ozcan L, Tabas I. Calcium signaling and ER stress in insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. J Intern Med. 2016;280(5):457\u201364.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3036_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1816","volume":"48","author":"H Mirshafiei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mirshafiei H, Darroudi S, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, et al. Altered triglyceride glucose index and fasted serum triglyceride high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio predict incidence of cardiovascular disease in the Mashhad cohort study. BioFactors. 2022;48(3):643\u201350.","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-024-00295-1","volume":"14","author":"H Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu H, Wang L, Wang H, Hao X, Du Z, Li C, Hou X. The association of triglyceride-glucose index with major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events after acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Nutr Diabetes. 2024;14(1):39.","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"3036_CR43","first-page":"360","volume":"62","author":"E Bampali","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bampali E, Chiotis S, Zgouridou A, Koliastasis L, Vrachatis D, Pavlou DO, Schismenos V, Chaitidis N, Antoniadis A, Pagourelias E, Doundoulakis I, Vassilikos VP, Giannopoulos G. Association of the Triglyceride-Glucose Index with Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Med (Kaunas). 2026;62(2):360.","journal-title":"Med (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"4","key":"3036_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.5543\/tkda.2023.58554","volume":"52","author":"U K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk","year":"2024","unstructured":"K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk U, Onalan O, Somuncu MU, Uygur B, Erbay \u0130, \u00c7akan F, Avc\u0131 A. The Prognostic Value of the Triglyceride-Glucose Index in Forecasting Ten-Year Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Non-Diabetic Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2024;52(4):253\u20139.","journal-title":"Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars"},{"issue":"4","key":"3036_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.12.025","volume":"34","author":"U K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk","year":"2024","unstructured":"K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk U, \u00d6nalan O, Somuncu MU, Akg\u00fcl \u00d6, Uygur B, P\u00fc\u015f\u00fcro\u011flu H. Impact of triglyceride-glucose index on intracoronary thrombus burden in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2024;34(4):860\u20137.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01054-z","volume":"19","author":"L Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang L, Cong HL, Zhang JX, et al. Triglyceride-glucose index predicts adverse cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes and acute coronary syndrome. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):80.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0957-3","volume":"18","author":"E Luo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luo E, Wang D, Yan G, et al. High triglyceride-glucose index is associated with poor prognosis in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):150.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3036_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao Q, Zhou D, Li Y, Wang Y, Xu SC, Zhao XH. The Triglyceride-glucose index predicts coronary artery disease severity and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Dis Markers;2019:6891537.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6891537"},{"issue":"2","key":"3036_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.61119","volume":"29","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Ding X, Hua B, et al. High Triglyceride-Glucose Index is associated with poor cardiovascular outcomes in nondiabetic patients with ACS with LDL-C below 1.8 mmol\/L. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2022;29(2):268\u201381.","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb"},{"issue":"11","key":"3036_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.07.027","volume":"31","author":"S Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao S, Ma W, Huang S, Lin X, Yu M. Impact of triglyceride-glucose index on long-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients with myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;31(11):3184\u201392.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01846-z","volume":"22","author":"W Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang W, Liu L, Chen H, et al. Association between the triglyceride-glucose index and the presence and prognosis of coronary microvascular dysfunction in patients with chronic coronary syndrome. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):113.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02060-7","volume":"22","author":"S Tao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tao S, Yu L, Li J, et al. Prognostic value of triglyceride-glucose index in patients with chronic coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):322.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3036_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4678526","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4678526","volume":"2020","author":"A S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2020","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda A, Rodr\u00edguez-Guti\u00e9rrez R, Mancillas-Adame L, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the triglyceride and glucose index for insulin resistance: a systematic review. Int J Endocrinol. 2020;2020:4678526.","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3036_CR54","first-page":"1515","volume":"15","author":"C Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang C, Li F, Guo J, Li C, Xu D, Wang B. Insulin resistance, blood glucose and inflammatory cytokine levels are risk factors for cardiovascular events in diabetic patients complicated with coronary heart disease. Exp Ther Med. 2018;15(2):1515\u20139.","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR55","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"YK Cho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cho YK, Lee J, Kim HS, et al. Triglyceride glucose-waist circumference better predicts coronary calcium progression compared with other indices of insulin resistance: a longitudinal observational study. J Clin Med. 2021;10(1):1\u201315.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-014-0615-x","volume":"52","author":"S Kurl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kurl S, Zaccardi F, Onaemo VN, et al. Association between HOMA-IR, fasting insulin and fasting glucose with coronary heart disease mortality in nondiabetic men: a 20-year observational study. Acta Diabetol. 2015;52(1):183\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3036_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0000000000000044","volume":"62","author":"GL Vega","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vega GL, Barlow CE, Grundy SM, Leonard D, DeFina LF. Triglyceride-to-high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio is an index of heart disease mortality and of incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men. J Investig Med. 2014;62(2):345\u20139.","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01210-5","volume":"20","author":"X Tian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tian X, Zuo Y, Chen S, et al. Triglyceride-glucose index is associated with the risk of myocardial infarction: an 11-year prospective study in the Kailuan cohort. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):19.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3036_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.11.017","volume":"32","author":"DH Son","year":"2022","unstructured":"Son DH, Lee HS, Lee YJ, Lee JH, Han JH. Comparison of triglyceride-glucose index and HOMA-IR for predicting prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;32(3):596\u2013604.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"3036_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2020.09.001","volume":"14","author":"A da Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"da Silva A, Caldas APS, Rocha DMUP, Bressan J. Triglyceride-glucose index predicts independently type 2 diabetes mellitus risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Prim Care Diabetes. 2020;14(6):584\u201393.","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"issue":"21","key":"3036_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10726","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010726","volume":"97","author":"KB Won","year":"2018","unstructured":"Won KB, Kim YS, Lee BK, et al. The relationship of insulin resistance estimated by triglyceride glucose index and coronary plaque characteristics. Med (Baltim). 2018;97(21):10726.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"24","key":"3036_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.10.024","volume":"70","author":"L Fern\u00e1ndez-Friera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Friera L, Fuster V, L\u00f3pez-Melgar B, et al. Normal LDL-cholesterol levels are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in the absence of risk factors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(24):2979\u201391.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-1187-0","volume":"19","author":"GM Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park GM, Cho YR, Won KB, et al. Triglyceride glucose index is a useful marker for predicting subclinical coronary artery disease in the absence of traditional risk factors. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):7.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"3036_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02187-1","volume":"23","author":"Y Xie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xie Y, Cen K, Dan B, et al. Association between triglyceride-glucose index and intracranial\/extracranial atherosclerotic stenosis: findings from a retrospective study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:95.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01319-1","volume":"20","author":"JW Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao JW, Hao QY, Gao M, et al. Triglyceride-glucose index in the development of peripheral artery disease: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):126.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3036_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530323666230324104737","volume":"23","author":"YP Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin YP, Hsu YC, Tsai KZ, Kwon Y, Lin GM. Insulin resistance indices and carotid Intima-media thickness in physically fit adults: CHIEF atherosclerosis study. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2023;23:1442\u20138.","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"3036_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S522995","volume":"18","author":"J Meng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Meng J, Lu Y, Gao X, et al. The Impact of Triglyceride-Glucose Index on Carotid Atherosclerosis: A Prospective Cohort Study in Middle Aged and Elderly Low-Income in Rural Chinese. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2025;18:1979\u201390.","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"3036_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2023.08.013","volume":"98","author":"P Ning","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ning P, Zeng J, Feng Q, Chen M, Cao H. Triglyceride-Glucose Index as a Predictor of Lower Extremity Arterial Disease in Patients with Diabetes: A Hospitalized Population Retrospective Study. Ann Vasc Surg. 2024;98:173\u201381.","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"3036_CR69","first-page":"35532","volume":"15","author":"S Caliskan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Caliskan S, Boyuk F. Is Triglyceride-Glucose Index a Valuable Parameter in Peripheral Artery Disease? Cureus. 2023;15(2):35532.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-024-00341-y","volume":"14","author":"A Samavarchitehrani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Samavarchitehrani A, Cannavo A, Behnoush AH, et al. Investigating the association between the triglyceride-glucose index and peripheral artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Diabetes. 2024;14(1):80.","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"3036_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108786","volume":"177","author":"W Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo W, Zhao L, Mo F, et al. The prognostic value of the triglyceride glucose index in patients with chronic heart failure and type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021;177:108786.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43343-z","volume":"13","author":"J Mei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mei J, Li Y, Dong J, et al. Impacts of obesity on global subclinical left cardiac function represented by CMR-derived myocardial strain, TyG index may be a predictor. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):16031.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3036_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704462","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.704462","volume":"8","author":"S Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang S, Du Y, Liu Z, et al. Triglyceride-Glucose Index and extracellular volume fraction in patients with heart failure. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:704462.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01658-7","volume":"21","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li X, Chan JSK, Guan B, et al. Triglyceride-glucose index and the risk of heart failure: Evidence from two large cohorts and a mendelian randomization analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):229.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01973-7","volume":"22","author":"A Khalaji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khalaji A, Behnoush AH, Khanmohammadi S, et al. Triglyceride-glucose index and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):244.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3036_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S408766","volume":"16","author":"B Abuduaini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abuduaini B, Yang L, Jiamali N, Seyiti Z, Shan XF, Gao XM. Predictive Effect of Triglyceride-Glucose Index on Adverse Prognostic Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Ischemic Cardiomyopathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2023;16:1093\u2013107.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"issue":"4","key":"3036_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.53920","volume":"18","author":"TH Chiu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chiu TH, Tsai HJ, Chiou HC, Wu PY, Huang JC, Chen SC. A high triglyceride-glucose index is associated with left ventricular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Int J Med Sci. 2021;18(4):1051\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147916412210833","DOI":"10.1177\/14791641221083396","volume":"19","author":"C Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang C, Zhao Z, Deng X, et al. Association of triglyceride-glucose with cardiac hemodynamics in type 2 diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2022;19(1):14791641221083396.","journal-title":"Diab Vasc Dis Res"},{"key":"3036_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23881","volume":"45","author":"LP Liao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liao LP, Yang Y, Wu Y, Li W. Correlation analysis of the triglyceride glucose index and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in essential hypertensive patients. Clin Cardiol. 2022;45:936\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01238-1","volume":"20","author":"A Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang A, Wang G, Liu Q, et al. Triglyceride-glucose index and the risk of stroke and its subtypes in the general population: an 11-year follow-up. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):46.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3036_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02914-2","volume":"24","author":"H Tang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tang H, Wang K, Zheng K, et al. The triglyceride-glucose index: updating evidence from clinical settings to molecular mechanisms in aging-related cerebrovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):350.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"38","key":"3036_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12425","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012425","volume":"97","author":"S Tian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tian S, Xu Y, Dong H. The effect of metabolic health and obesity phenotypes on risk of hypertension: a nationwide population-based study using 5 representative definitions of metabolic health. Medicine. 2018;97(38):12425.","journal-title":"Medicine"}],"container-title":["Lipids in Health and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12944-026-03036-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12944-026-03036-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12944-026-03036-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:02:11Z","timestamp":1791288131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12944-026-03036-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-026-03036-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-511X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-511X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"206"}}