{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T11:31:53Z","timestamp":1740137513810,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Despite the inherent limitations of the traditional cardiac physical examination (PE), it has not yet been replaced by a more accurate method.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We hypothesized that a single medical student, following a brief training (two academic hours) with the PHU, will better identify abnormal findings including significant valvular diseases, pericardial effusion and reduced LV function, as compared to PE performed by senior cardiologists and cardiology fellows. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) served as a \u2018gold standard\u2019.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Seventy-seven patients underwent TTE, of them 64 had an abnormal finding. PE identified 34 patients with an abnormal finding compared to 52 identified by PHU (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Ejection fraction (EF) below 50% was found in 35 patients on TTE, compared to only 15 and 6 patients by PE and PHU, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). There was no difference in valvular dysfunction diagnosis detected by PE and medical students using PHU. The overall accuracy of PHU compared to TTE was 87%, with a specificity of 94% and sensitivity of 64% (the low sensitivity was driven mainly by EF assessment), whereas the accuracy of PE was 91%, specificity 91% and sensitivity 38% (again driven by poor EF assessment).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Cardiac evaluation using PHU by a single medical student was able to demonstrate similar accuracy as PE done by cardiac specialists or cardiology fellows. The study topic should be validated in future studies with more medical students with a very brief training of cardiac ultrasound.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12947-022-00277-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T05:03:08Z","timestamp":1648184588000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cardiac assessment accuracy by students using palm-held ultrasound compared to physical examination by skilled cardiologists: a pilot study with a single medical student"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Shirley","family":"Sarig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsafrir","family":"Or","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gassan","family":"Moady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5097-5100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaul","family":"Atar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"277_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2014.05.011","volume":"7","author":"M Mehta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mehta M, Jacobson T, Peters D, Le E, Chadderdon S, Allen AJ, et al. Handheld Ultrasound Versus Physical Examination in Patients Referred for Transthoracic Echocardiography for a Suspected Cardiac Condition. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7(10):983\u201390.","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"277_CR2","unstructured":"O\u2019Gara PT, Loscalzo J. Physical examination of the cardiovascular system. 19e New Yo. Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, editor. Vol. 2, Harrison\u2019s principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2015. 1442\u20131450."},{"issue":"2","key":"277_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2017.02.018","volume":"117","author":"M-H Lo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lo M-H, Huang C-F, Lin I-C, Lin Y-J, Kuo H-C, Hsieh K-S. Clinical utility and diagnostic accuracy of palm-held, mini-sized ultrasonocardiographic scanner in congenital heart disease. J Formos Med Assoc. 2017;117(2):141\u20136.","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc."},{"issue":"3","key":"277_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.04.052","volume":"94","author":"S Atar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Atar S, Feldman A, Darawshe A, Siegel RJ, Rosenfeld T. Utility and diagnostic accuracy of hand-carried ultrasound for emergency room evaluation of chest pain. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94(3):408\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"277_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.3.693","volume":"126","author":"SL Kobal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kobal SL, Atar S, Siegel RJ, et al. Hand-Carried Ultrasound\nImproves the Bedside Cardiovascular Examination. Chest. 2004;126(3):693\u2013701.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"7","key":"277_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2018.01.014","volume":"31","author":"AM Johri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johri AM, Durbin J, Newbigging J, Tanzola R, Chow R, De S, et al. Cardiac Point-of-Care Ultrasound: State-of-the-Art in Medical School Education. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018;31(7):749\u201360.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"issue":"7","key":"277_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.05.060","volume":"96","author":"SL Kobal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kobal SL, Trento L, Baharami S, Tolstrup K, Naqvi TZ, Cercek B, et al. Comparison of Effectiveness of Hand-Carried Ultrasound to Bedside Cardiovascular Physical Examination. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(7):1002\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"277_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/2036-7902-5-S1-S1","volume":"5 Suppl 1","author":"A Pinto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pinto A, Pinto F, Faggian A, Rubini G, Caranci F, Macarini L, et al. Sources of error in emergency ultrasonography. Crit Ultrasound J. 2013;5 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S1.","journal-title":"Crit Ultrasound J"},{"issue":"3","key":"277_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.3.693","volume":"126","author":"SL Kobal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kobal SL, Atar S, Siegel RJ. Hand-carried ultrasound improves the bedside cardiovascular examination. Chest. 2004;126(3):693\u2013701.","journal-title":"Chest."},{"issue":"11","key":"277_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2014.08.001","volume":"27","author":"TM Stokke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stokke TM, Ruddox V, Sarvari SI, Otterstad JE, Aune E, Edvardsen T. Brief Group Training of Medical Students in Focused Cardiac Ultrasound May Improve Diagnostic Accuracy of Physical Examination. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2014;27(11):1238\u201346.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Ultrasound"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12947-022-00277-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12947-022-00277-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12947-022-00277-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T05:04:34Z","timestamp":1648184674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cardiovascularultrasound.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12947-022-00277-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12947-022-00277-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-7120"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-7120"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Galilee Medical Center ethics committee and conducted according to the principles established in the Helsinki declaration (NHR 067\u201317). All participants signed an informed consent form before inclusion in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7"}}