{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:38:43Z","timestamp":1787495923878,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH1920032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH1920032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Inflamm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Assessment of immune status in critically ill patients is often based on serial tracking of systemic cytokine levels and clinical laboratory values. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that can be secreted and internalized by cells to transport important cellular cargo in the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes. Here, we characterize the early compartmentalization profile of key proinflammatory mediators in serum exosomes in the steady state and following trauma. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (91 including na\u00efve) were divided into one of four traumatic injury model groups incorporating whole-body blast, fracture, soft-tissue crush injury, tourniquet-induced ischemia, and limb amputation. Serum was collected at 1, 3, 6, and 24\u2009h, and 3- and 7-day post-injury. Electrochemiluminescence-based immunoassays for 9 key proinflammatory mediators in whole serum, isolated serum exosomes, and exosome depleted serum were analyzed and compared between na\u00efve and injured rats. Serum clinical chemistry analysis was performed to determine pathological changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In na\u00efve animals, substantial amounts of IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, and TNF-\u03b1 were encapsulated, IL-6 was completely encapsulated, and CXCL1 freely circulating. One hour after blast injury alone, levels of exosome encapsulated IFN-\u03b3, IL-10, IL-6, IL-13, IL-4, and TNF-\u03b1 increased, whereas freely circulating and membrane-associated levels remained undetectable or low. Rats with the most severe polytraumatic injuries with end organ complications had the earliest rise and most pronounced concentration of IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-6 across all serum compartments. Moreover, CXCL1 levels increased in relation to injury severity, but remained almost entirely freely circulating at all timepoints.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight that conventional ELISA-based assessments, which detect only free circulating and exosome membrane-bound mediators, underestimate the full immunoinflammatory response to trauma. Inclusion of exosome encapsulated mediators may be a better, more accurate and clinically useful early strategy to identify, diagnose, and monitor patients at highest risk for post-traumatic inflammation-associated complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-022-00303-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T07:04:04Z","timestamp":1652339044000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Key early proinflammatory signaling molecules encapsulated within circulating exosomes following traumatic injury"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4573-1918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8076-6545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"303_CR1","unstructured":"Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Seattle, WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 2018."},{"issue":"4","key":"303_CR2","first-page":"256","volume":"30","author":"R Chukwu-Lobelu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chukwu-Lobelu R, Appukuttan A, Edwards DS, Patel HDL. Burn injuries from the London suicide bombings: a new classification of blast-related thermal injuries. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2017;30(4):256\u201360.","journal-title":"Ann Burns Fire Disasters"},{"issue":"4","key":"303_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2014-000370","volume":"161","author":"DS Edwards","year":"2015","unstructured":"Edwards DS, Clasper JC, Patel HD. Heterotopic ossification in victims of the London 7\/7 bombings. J R Army Med Corps. 2015;161(4):345\u20137.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"issue":"5","key":"303_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318270d3ee","volume":"73","author":"MJ Edwards","year":"2012","unstructured":"Edwards MJ, Lustik M, Eichelberger MR, Elster E, Azarow K, Coppola C. Blast injury in children: an analysis from Afghanistan and Iraq, 2002-2010. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(5):1278\u201383.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"303_CR5","volume":"11","author":"O Hasan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hasan O, Sheikh S, Fatima A, Abbas A, Zahid N, Baloch N. Motor-vehicle crash patient injury patterns from a level one trauma center in a Metropolitan City: a cross-sectional study. Cureus. 2019;11(2):e4073.","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"issue":"1","key":"303_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2004.022392","volume":"23","author":"H Markogiannakis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Markogiannakis H, Sanidas E, Messaris E, Koutentakis D, Alpantaki K, Kafetzakis A, et al. Motor vehicle trauma: analysis of injury profiles by road-user category. Emerg Med J. 2006;23(1):27\u201331.","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"303_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0386-1112(14)60121-7","volume":"29","author":"U Bj\u00f6rnstig","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rnstig U, Bylund PO, Albertsson P, Falkmer T, Bj\u00f6rnstig J, Petz\u00e4ll J. Injury events among bus and coach occupants. IATSS Research. 2005;29(1):79\u201387.","journal-title":"IATSS Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"303_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2013.01.003","volume":"4","author":"P Payal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Payal P, Sonu G, Anil GK, Prachi V. Management of polytrauma patients in emergency department: an experience of a tertiary care health institution of northern India. World J Emerg Med. 2013;4(1):15\u20139.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"303_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2018.11.014","volume":"228","author":"B Sarani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sarani B, Hendrix C, Matecki M, Estroff J, Amdur RL, Robinson BRH, et al. Wounding patterns based on firearm type in civilian public mass shootings in the United States. J Am Coll Surg. 2019;228(3):228\u201334.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"303_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0064-8","volume":"19","author":"M Huber-Lang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huber-Lang M, Lambris JD, Ward PA. Innate immune responses to trauma. Nat Immunol. 2018;19(4):327\u201341.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"9952","key":"303_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60687-5","volume":"384","author":"JM Lord","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lord JM, Midwinter MJ, Chen Y-F, Belli A, Brohi K, Kovacs EJ, et al. The systemic immune response to trauma: an overview of pathophysiology and treatment. Lancet. 2014;384(9952):1455\u201365.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"303_CR12","first-page":"7","volume":"4","author":"C Pierrakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pierrakos C, Karanikolas M, Scolletta S, Karamouzos V, Velissaris D. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: pathophysiology and therapeutic options. J Clin Med Res. 2012;4(1):7\u201316.","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"303_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.141.7.655","volume":"141","author":"A Salim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Salim A, Martin M, Constantinou C, Sangthong B, Brown C, Kasotakis G, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in the trauma intensive care unit: morbid but not mortal. Arch Surg. 2006;141(7):655\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"303_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000147","volume":"76","author":"A Sauaia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sauaia A, Moore EE, Johnson JL, Chin TL, Banerjee A, Sperry JL, et al. Temporal trends of postinjury multiple-organ failure: still resource intensive, morbid, and lethal. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;76(3):582\u201392.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"303_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2014.10.025","volume":"194","author":"AP Valparaiso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Valparaiso AP, Vicente DA, Bograd BA, Elster EA, Davis TA. Modeling acute traumatic injury. J Surg Res. 2015;194(1):220\u201332.","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"303_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s000110050318","volume":"47","author":"YM Yao","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yao YM, Redl H, Bahrami S, Schlag G. The inflammatory basis of trauma\/shock-associated multiple organ failure. Inflamm Res. 1998;47(5):201\u201310.","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"303_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2009.05.024","volume":"40","author":"D Dewar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dewar D, Moore FA, Moore EE, Balogh Z. Postinjury multiple organ failure. Injury. 2009;40(9):912\u20138.","journal-title":"Injury."},{"issue":"2","key":"303_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/ams2.17","volume":"1","author":"A Osuka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Osuka A, Ogura H, Ueyama M, Shimazu T, Lederer JA. Immune response to traumatic injury: harmony and discordance of immune system homeostasis. Acute Med Surg. 2014;1(2):63\u20139.","journal-title":"Acute Med Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"303_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2007.10.003","volume":"38","author":"A Lenz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lenz A, Franklin GA, Cheadle WG. Systemic inflammation after trauma. Injury. 2007;38(12):1336\u201345.","journal-title":"Injury."},{"issue":"3","key":"303_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.135.3.291","volume":"135","author":"F Gebhard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gebhard F, Pfetsch H, Steinbach G, Strecker W, Kinzl L, Bruckner UB. Is interleukin 6 an early marker of injury severity following major trauma in humans? Arch Surg. 2000;135(3):291\u20135.","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"303_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747036","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/747036","volume":"2015","author":"A Sousa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sousa A, Raposo F, Fonseca S, Valente L, Duarte F, Goncalves M, et al. Measurement of cytokines and adhesion molecules in the first 72 hours after severe trauma: association with severity and outcome. Dis Markers. 2015;2015:747036.","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"issue":"3","key":"303_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.86B3.15035","volume":"86-B","author":"PV Giannoudis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Giannoudis PV, Hildebrand F, Pape HC. Inflammatory serum markers in patients with multiple trauma: CAN THEY PREDICT OUTCOME? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86-B(3):313\u201323.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"3","key":"303_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5492\/wjccm.v5.i3.187","volume":"5","author":"AB Dekker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dekker AB, Krijnen P, Schipper IB. Predictive value of cytokines for developing complications after polytrauma. World J Crit Care Med. 2016;5(3):187\u2013200.","journal-title":"World J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"303_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326","volume":"30","author":"M Colombo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colombo M, Raposo G, Thery C. Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2014;30:255\u201389.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"303_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3337-2","volume":"57","author":"H Aswad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aswad H, Forterre A, Wiklander OP, Vial G, Danty-Berger E, Jalabert A, et al. Exosomes participate in the alteration of muscle homeostasis during lipid-induced insulin resistance in mice. Diabetologia. 2014;57(10):2155\u201364.","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"issue":"5-6","key":"303_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.18632\/oncoscience.421","volume":"5","author":"J Behera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Behera J, Tyagi N. Exosomes: mediators of bone diseases, protection, and therapeutics potential. Oncoscience. 2018;5(5-6):181\u201395.","journal-title":"Oncoscience."},{"issue":"2","key":"303_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4771","volume":"240","author":"L Bonjoch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bonjoch L, Casas V, Carrascal M, Closa D. Involvement of exosomes in lung inflammation associated with experimental acute pancreatitis. J Pathol. 2016;240(2):235\u201345.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"303_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1172-z","volume":"56","author":"V Bucan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bucan V, Vaslaitis D, Peck CT, Strauss S, Vogt PM, Radtke C. Effect of exosomes from rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on neurite outgrowth and sciatic nerve regeneration after crush injury. Mol Neurobiol. 2019;56(3):1812\u201324.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"303_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.12024","volume":"590","author":"Y Cui","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cui Y, Luan J, Li H, Zhou X, Han J. Exosomes derived from mineralizing osteoblasts promote ST2 cell osteogenic differentiation by alteration of microRNA expression. FEBS Lett. 2016;590(1):185\u201392.","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"14","key":"303_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9195","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku594","volume":"42","author":"BJ Goldie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldie BJ, Dun MD, Lin M, Smith ND, Verrills NM, Dayas CV, et al. Activity-associated miRNA are packaged in Map1b-enriched exosomes released from depolarized neurons. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42(14):9195\u2013208.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"303_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013101066","volume":"25","author":"TF Hiemstra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hiemstra TF, Charles PD, Gracia T, Hester SS, Gatto L, Al-Lamki R, et al. Human urinary exosomes as innate immune effectors. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(9):2017\u201327.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"303_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-08-374793","volume":"121","author":"N Ismail","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ismail N, Wang Y, Dakhlallah D, Moldovan L, Agarwal K, Batte K, et al. Macrophage microvesicles induce macrophage differentiation and miR-223 transfer. Blood. 2013;121(6):984\u201395.","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"303_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00104","volume":"5","author":"LE Smythies","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smythies LE, Smythies JR. Exosomes in the gut. Front Immunol. 2014;5:104.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"303_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh SA, Hoyt BW, Rowe CJ, Dey D, Davis TA. Alarming Cargo: the role of exosomes in trauma-induced inflammation. Biomolecules. 2021;11(4).","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11040522"},{"issue":"1","key":"303_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650458","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2019.1650458","volume":"8","author":"GV Shelke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shelke GV, Yin Y, Jang SC, L\u00e4sser C, Wennmalm S, Hoffmann HJ, et al. Endosomal signalling via exosome surface TGFbeta-1. J Extracell Vesicles. 2019;8(1):1650458.","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"issue":"1","key":"303_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8973","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27190-x","volume":"8","author":"W Fitzgerald","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fitzgerald W, Freeman ML, Lederman MM, Vasilieva E, Romero R, Margolis L. A system of cytokines encapsulated in ExtraCellular vesicles. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):8973.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"303_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.97B4.34866","volume":"97-B","author":"EM Polfer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Polfer EM, Hope DN, Elster EA, Qureshi AT, Davis TA, Golden D, et al. The development of a rat model to investigate the formation of blast-related post-traumatic heterotopic ossification. Bone Joint J. 2015;97-B(4):572\u20136.","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"issue":"1","key":"303_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100020115","volume":"2","author":"F Bonnarens","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bonnarens F, Einhorn TA. Production of a standard closed fracture in laboratory animal bone. J Orthop Res. 1984;2(1):97\u2013101.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"303_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1658","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00457.2011","volume":"301","author":"BT Roseguini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roseguini BT, Arce-Esquivel AA, Newcomer SC, Laughlin MH. Impact of a single session of intermittent pneumatic leg compressions on skeletal muscle and isolated artery gene expression in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011;301(6):R1658\u201368.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"303_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4240-y","volume":"473","author":"AT Qureshi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Qureshi AT, Crump EK, Pavey GJ, Hope DN, Forsberg JA, Davis TA. Early characterization of blast-related heterotopic ossification in a rat model. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(9):2831\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"303_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19021568","volume":"19","author":"Q Ge","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ge Q, Zhou Y, Lu J, Bai Y, Xie X, Lu Z. miRNA in plasma exosome is stable under different storage conditions. Molecules. 2014;19(2):1568\u201375.","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"issue":"30","key":"303_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10513","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804549105","volume":"105","author":"PS Mitchell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mitchell PS, Parkin RK, Kroh EM, Fritz BR, Wyman SK, Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, et al. Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(30):10513\u20138.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"303_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.E086173","volume":"59","author":"M Record","year":"2018","unstructured":"Record M, Silvente-Poirot S, Poirot M, Wakelam MJO. Extracellular vesicles: lipids as key components of their biogenesis and functions. J Lipid Res. 2018;59(8):1316\u201324.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"303_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0623-9","volume":"13","author":"F Momen-Heravi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Momen-Heravi F, Saha B, Kodys K, Catalano D, Satishchandran A, Szabo G. Increased number of circulating exosomes and their microRNA cargos are potential novel biomarkers in alcoholic hepatitis. J Transl Med. 2015;13:261.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"303_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28748-5","volume":"8","author":"D Sanz-Rubio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sanz-Rubio D, Martin-Burriel I, Gil A, Cubero P, Forner M, Khalyfa A, et al. Stability of circulating Exosomal miRNAs in healthy subjects. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):10306.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"303_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00150","volume":"7","author":"KS Sheinerman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sheinerman KS, Umansky SR. Circulating cell-free microRNA as biomarkers for screening, diagnosis and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases and other neurologic pathologies. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013;7:150.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"303_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401138","volume":"193","author":"L Jin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jin L, Batra S, Douda DN, Palaniyar N, Jeyaseelan S. CXCL1 contributes to host defense in polymicrobial sepsis via modulating T cell and neutrophil functions. J Immunol. 2014;193(7):3549\u201358.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"303_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00032","volume":"3","author":"ST Ahlers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahlers ST, Vasserman-Stokes E, Shaughness MC, Hall AA, Shear DA, Chavko M, et al. Assessment of the effects of acute and repeated exposure to blast overpressure in rodents: toward a greater understanding of blast and the potential ramifications for injury in humans exposed to blast. Front Neurol. 2012;3:32.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1562","key":"303_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0240","volume":"366","author":"E Kirkman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirkman E, Watts S, Cooper G. Blast injury research models. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci. 2011;366(1562):144\u201359.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"303_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000455","volume":"44","author":"AM Spear","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spear AM, Davies EM, Taylor C, Whiting R, Macildowie S, Kirkman E, et al. Blast wave exposure to the extremities causes endothelial activation and damage. Shock. 2015;44(5):470\u20138.","journal-title":"Shock."},{"issue":"2","key":"303_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.07.018","volume":"159","author":"M Chavko","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chavko M, Koller WA, Prusaczyk WK, McCarron RM. Measurement of blast wave by a miniature fiber optic pressure transducer in the rat brain. J Neurosci Methods. 2007;159(2):277\u201381.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"303_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00015","volume":"3","author":"SI Svetlov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Svetlov SI, Prima V, Glushakova O, Svetlov A, Kirk DR, Gutierrez H, et al. Neuro-glial and systemic mechanisms of pathological responses in rat models of primary blast overpressure compared to \"composite\" blast. Front Neurol. 2012;3:15.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"303_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusiecki J, Levin LI, Wang L, Byrne C, Krishnamurthy J, Chen L, et al. Blast traumatic brain injury and serum inflammatory cytokines: a repeated measures case-control study among U.S. military service members. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1624-z"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"303_CR54","first-page":"S116","volume":"69","author":"KV Brown","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brown KV, Dharm-Datta S, Potter BK, Etherington J, Mistlin A, Hsu JR, et al. Comparison of development of heterotopic ossification in injured US and UK armed services personnel with combat-related amputations: preliminary findings and hypotheses regarding causality. J Trauma. 2010;69(Suppl 1):S116\u201322.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"9","key":"303_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-014-3694-7","volume":"472","author":"JA Forsberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Forsberg JA, Potter BK, Polfer EM, Safford SD, Elster EA. Do inflammatory markers portend heterotopic ossification and wound failure in combat wounds? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(9):2845\u201354.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"303_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181b248d9","volume":"250","author":"JS Hawksworth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hawksworth JS, Stojadinovic A, Gage FA, Tadaki DK, Perdue PW, Forsberg J, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers in combat wound healing. Ann Surg. 2009;250(6):1002\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"303_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00776","volume":"92","author":"BK Potter","year":"2010","unstructured":"Potter BK, Forsberg JA, Davis TA, Evans KN, Hawksworth JS, Tadaki D, et al. Heterotopic ossification following combat-related trauma. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92(Suppl 2):74\u201389.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"303_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.5625\/lar.2018.34.2.80","volume":"34","author":"T Kuribayashi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kuribayashi T. Elimination half-lives of interleukin-6 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 synthesized in response to inflammatory stimulation in rats. Lab Anim Res. 2018;34(2):80\u20133.","journal-title":"Lab Anim Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Inflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12950-022-00303-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12950-022-00303-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12950-022-00303-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T08:13:06Z","timestamp":1652343186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journal-inflammation.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12950-022-00303-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12950-022-00303-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-9255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-9255","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) in accordance with all applicable Federal regulations governing the protection of animals in research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6"}}