{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:56:47Z","timestamp":1781643407941,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000377","name":"Vivensa Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022572","name":"NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022572","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Inflamm"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic inflammatory disease is responsible for huge and increasing global mortality and morbidity. Unregulated inflammatory cells, including neutrophils and macrophages, are major drivers of chronic inflammatory disease. Efferocytosis plays a critical role in inflammation resolution by removing effete inflammatory cells from tissues. Despite defective efferocytosis being critical in inflammatory disease progression there are no therapies to correct these defects in clinical use. Here, using experimental models of atherosclerosis and lung injury, we identify the ErbB family tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), neratinib, as a putative efferocytosis-targeting therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In an experimental model of atherosclerosis and lung injury, two doses of neratinib significantly increased efferocytosis in the lungs of mice concomitant with a reduction in the proportion of lung neutrophils. Neratinib significantly increased human neutrophil apoptosis and efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). In addition to increased efferocytosis, neratinib treated macrophages demonstrated both increased phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. Neratinib increased MDM surface expression of the efferocytosis receptor MerTK independent of protein synthesis and transcription which correlated with elevated efferocytosis in MDMs and inhibitors of MerTK blocked neratinib-induced efferocytosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thus, we describe a novel role for neratinib in driving efferocytosis in multimorbidity and suggest that ErbB TKIs may have therapeutic potential in inflammatory disease by restoring macrophage function and promoting inflammation resolution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-026-00495-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T07:15:13Z","timestamp":1773904513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The ErbB-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, neratinib, has anti-inflammatory effects in multimorbidity by increasing macrophage efferocytosis via the upregulation of MerTK"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kieran A.","family":"Bowden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas Fernandez","family":"Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon A.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen M.","family":"Marriott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila E.","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne R.","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"495_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malainou C, Abdin SM, Lachmann N, Matt U, Herold S. Alveolar macrophages in tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and infection: evolving concepts of therapeutic targeting. J Clin Invest. 2023;133(19).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI170501"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12453","volume":"273","author":"MC Greenlee-Wacker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Greenlee-Wacker MC. Clearance of apoptotic neutrophils and resolution of inflammation. Immunol Rev. 2016;273(1):357\u201370.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"495_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1112","volume":"101","author":"VA Fadok","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Konowal A, Freed PW, Westcott JY, Henson PM. Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine\/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-beta, PGE2, and PAF. J Clin Invest. 1998;101(4):890\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01497-9","volume":"9","author":"H Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu H, Cheng X, Li F, Guan Z, Xu J, Wu D, et al. Defective efferocytosis by aged macrophages promotes STING signaling mediated inflammatory liver injury. Cell Death Discov. 2023;9(1):236.","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"issue":"3","key":"495_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-121228","volume":"23","author":"S Michlewska","year":"2009","unstructured":"Michlewska S, Dransfield I, Megson IL, Rossi AG. Macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils is critically regulated by the opposing actions of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory agents: key role for TNF-alpha. FASEB J. 2009;23(3):844\u201354.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"6","key":"495_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2413","volume":"143","author":"AL McCubbrey","year":"2013","unstructured":"McCubbrey AL, Curtis JL. Efferocytosis and lung disease. Chest. 2013;143(6):1750\u20137.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"8","key":"495_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202203-0482OC","volume":"207","author":"EM Ryan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ryan EM, Sadiku P, Coelho P, Watts ER, Zhang A, Howden AJM, et al. NRF2 Activation Reprograms Defects in Oxidative Metabolism to Restore Macrophage Function in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023;207(8):998\u20131011.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"495_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00261-8","volume":"11","author":"LM Fabbri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fabbri LM, Celli BR, Agusti A, Criner GJ, Dransfield MT, Divo M, et al. COPD and multimorbidity: recognising and addressing a syndemic occurrence. Lancet Respir Med. 2023;11(11):1020\u201334.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"495_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tournoy IS, Geirnaert S, Krysko DV, Bracke KR. When clearance fails: the role of efferocytosis in COPD. Eur Respir Rev. 2026;35(179).","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0177-2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"495_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0492TR","volume":"48","author":"K Hoenderdos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hoenderdos K, Condliffe A. The neutrophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2013;48(5):531\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"495_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2008.31","volume":"1","author":"AE Leitch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leitch AE, Duffin R, Haslett C, Rossi AG. Relevance of granulocyte apoptosis to resolution of inflammation at the respiratory mucosa. Mucosal Immunol. 2008;1(5):350\u201363.","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"495_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2006.10.008","volume":"16","author":"B Linggi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Linggi B, Carpenter G. ErbB receptors: new insights on mechanisms and biology. Trends Cell Biol. 2006;16(12):649\u201356.","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"495_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman A, Henry KM, Herman KD, Thompson AA, Isles HM, Tulotta C, et al. Inhibition of ErbB kinase signalling promotes resolution of neutrophilic inflammation. Elife. 2019;8.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.50990"},{"key":"495_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956991","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.956991","volume":"13","author":"KD Herman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Herman KD, Wright CG, Marriott HM, McCaughran SC, Bowden KA, Collins MO, et al. The EGFR\/ErbB inhibitor neratinib modifies the neutrophil phosphoproteome and promotes apoptosis and clearance by airway macrophages. Front Immunol. 2022;13:956991.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"495_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636024","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.636024","volume":"9","author":"OR Tardy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tardy OR, Armitage EL, Prince LR, Evans IR. The Epidermal Growth Factor Ligand Spitz Modulates Macrophage Efferocytosis, Wound Responses and Migration Dynamics During Drosophila Embryogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:636024.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"495_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2025.104436","volume":"30","author":"L Yin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yin L, Zhang H, Shang Y, Wu S, Jin T. ErbB\/HER family in cancer immunology: therapeutic advances and mechanisms. Drug Discov Today. 2025;30(9):104436.","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"495_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2013.11.002","volume":"79","author":"R Roskoski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roskoski R. Jr. The ErbB\/HER family of protein-tyrosine kinases and cancer. Pharmacol Res. 2014;79:34\u201374.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"495_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.25.8707","volume":"28","author":"HJ Burstein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Burstein HJ, Sun Y, Dirix LY, Jiang Z, Paridaens R, Tan AR, et al. Neratinib, an irreversible ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced ErbB2-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(8):1301\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"495_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3640","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.3640","volume":"10","author":"KD Herman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herman KD, Rahman A, Prince LR. Isolation and High Throughput Flow Cytometric Apoptosis Assay of Human Neutrophils to Enable Compound Library Screening. Bio Protoc. 2020;10(11):e3640.","journal-title":"Bio Protoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8668","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008668","volume":"5","author":"M Daigneault","year":"2010","unstructured":"Daigneault M, Preston JA, Marriott HM, Whyte MK, Dockrell DH. The identification of markers of macrophage differentiation in PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells and monocyte-derived macrophages. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(1):e8668.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"495_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a009076","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009076","volume":"5","author":"G Lemke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lemke G. Biology of the TAM receptors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2013;5(11):a009076.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"issue":"16","key":"495_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7031","DOI":"10.1021\/jm500749d","volume":"57","author":"W Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang W, DeRyckere D, Hunter D, Liu J, Stashko MA, Minson KA, et al. UNC2025, a potent and orally bioavailable MER\/FLT3 dual inhibitor. J Med Chem. 2014;57(16):7031\u201341.","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"495_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85630","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.85630","volume":"1","author":"KA Minson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Minson KA, Smith CC, DeRyckere D, Libbrecht C, Lee-Sherick AB, Huey MG, et al. The MERTK\/FLT3 inhibitor MRX-2843 overcomes resistance-conferring FLT3 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. JCI Insight. 2016;1(3):e85630.","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"4","key":"495_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.4.1995","volume":"128","author":"GC Donaldson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Patel IS, Bhowmik A, Wilkinson TM, Hurst JR, et al. Airway and systemic inflammation and decline in lung function in patients with COPD. Chest. 2005;128(4):1995\u20132004.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-7-136","volume":"7","author":"DG Parr","year":"2006","unstructured":"Parr DG, White AJ, Bayley DL, Guest PJ, Stockley RA. Inflammation in sputum relates to progression of disease in subjects with COPD: a prospective descriptive study. Respir Res. 2006;7(1):136.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"495_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300857","volume":"33","author":"SC de Jager","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Jager SC, Bot I, Kraaijeveld AO, Korporaal SJ, Bot M, van Santbrink PJ, et al. Leukocyte-specific CCL3 deficiency inhibits atherosclerotic lesion development by affecting neutrophil accumulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33(3):e75\u201383.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"23","key":"495_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000042674.89762.20","volume":"106","author":"T Naruko","year":"2002","unstructured":"Naruko T, Ueda M, Haze K, van der Wal AC, van der Loos CM, Itoh A, et al. Neutrophil infiltration of culprit lesions in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2002;106(23):2894\u2013900.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"495_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.209296","volume":"30","author":"MG Ionita","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ionita MG, van den Borne P, Catanzariti LM, Moll FL, de Vries JP, Pasterkamp G, et al. High neutrophil numbers in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques are associated with characteristics of rupture-prone lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30(9):1842\u20138.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"495_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.51.3.267","volume":"51","author":"D Stanescu","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stanescu D, Sanna A, Veriter C, Kostianev S, Calcagni PG, Fabbri LM, et al. Airways obstruction, chronic expectoration, and rapid decline of FEV1 in smokers are associated with increased levels of sputum neutrophils. Thorax. 1996;51(3):267\u201371.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"5","key":"495_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00036709","volume":"35","author":"AE Taylor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Taylor AE, Finney-Hayward TK, Quint JK, Thomas CM, Tudhope SJ, Wedzicha JA, et al. Defective macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(5):1039\u201347.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"9","key":"495_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0163139","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163139","volume":"11","author":"MA Bewley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bewley MA, Belchamber KB, Chana KK, Budd RC, Donaldson G, Wedzicha JA, et al. Differential Effects of p38, MAPK, PI3K or Rho Kinase Inhibitors on Bacterial Phagocytosis and Efferocytosis by Macrophages in COPD. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(9):e0163139.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59393-y","volume":"16","author":"Y Pan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pan Y, Cao S, Wang Y, Tang J, Niu A, Kar SA, et al. Myeloid EGFR deficiency accelerates recovery from AKI via macrophage efferocytosis and neutrophil apoptosis. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):4563.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L69","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00058.2017","volume":"314","author":"MP Mohning","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohning MP, Thomas SM, Barthel L, Mould KJ, McCubbrey AL, Frasch SC, et al. Phagocytosis of microparticles by alveolar macrophages during acute lung injury requires MerTK. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2018;314(1):L69\u201382.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"495_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200662","volume":"189","author":"G Zizzo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zizzo G, Hilliard BA, Monestier M, Cohen PL. Efficient clearance of early apoptotic cells by human macrophages requires M2c polarization and MerTK induction. J Immunol. 2012;189(7):3508\u201320.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"495_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2023-0390OC","volume":"70","author":"MA Guttenberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guttenberg MA, Vose AT, Birukova A, Lewars K, Cumming RI, Albright MC, et al. Tissue-Resident Alveolar Macrophages Reduce Ozone-induced Inflammation via MerTK-mediated Efferocytosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2024;70(6):493\u2013506.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"495_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahey KC, Varsanyi C, Wang Z, Aquib A, Gadiyar V, Rodrigues AA, et al. Regulation of Mertk Surface Expression via ADAM17 and gamma-Secretase Proteolytic Processing. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(8).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084404"},{"issue":"38","key":"495_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33335","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.263020","volume":"286","author":"E Thorp","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thorp E, Vaisar T, Subramanian M, Mautner L, Blobel C, Tabas I. Shedding of the Mer tyrosine kinase receptor is mediated by ADAM17 protein through a pathway involving reactive oxygen species, protein kinase Cdelta, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). J Biol Chem. 2011;286(38):33335\u201344.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01718-8","volume":"22","author":"R Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh R, Belchamber KBR, Fenwick PS, Chana K, Donaldson G, Wedzicha JA, et al. Defective monocyte-derived macrophage phagocytosis is associated with exacerbation frequency in COPD. Respir Res. 2021;22(1):113.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"495_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4161\/21541248.2014.989785","volume":"6","author":"Y Mao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mao Y, Finnemann SC. Regulation of phagocytosis by Rho GTPases. Small GTPases. 2015;6(2):89\u201399.","journal-title":"Small GTPases"},{"key":"495_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beech A, Singh D. Pharmacological management of COPD. Presse Med. 2025:104319.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2025.104319"},{"issue":"7","key":"495_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-025-02188-8","volume":"85","author":"D Singh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Singh D, Higham A, Mathioudakis AG, Beech A. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Developments in Pharmacological Treatments. Drugs. 2025;85(7):911\u201330.","journal-title":"Drugs"}],"container-title":["Journal of Inflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12950-026-00495-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12950-026-00495-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12950-026-00495-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:28:01Z","timestamp":1781641681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12950-026-00495-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12950-026-00495-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-9255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-9255","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Human blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers aged 18\u201365 following informed written consent, in accordance with ethical approval granted by the University of Sheffield Research Ethics Committee (study number: 031773). All in vivo work was approved by the Sheffield Institutional Review board, and the UK Home Office PPL: PP0517861 and PIL: I61175133.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13"}}