{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:41:35Z","timestamp":1790862095249,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005721","name":"Universit\u00e4t Bielefeld","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005721","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Inflamm"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective and design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease of the paranasal sinuses, which is divided into CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). CRSwNP is typically caused by type 2 inflammation, which is characterized by elevated IL-4 and IL-13 levels, impairment of the epithelial barrier, and tissue remodeling. While the involvement of immune cells is well known, it remains unclear to what extent structural cells intrinsically maintain disease-specific functional programs. The aim of this study was to determine whether epithelial cells and fibroblasts derived from CRSwNP and CRSsNP differ in their barrier properties, inflammatory reactivity, and type 2-associated functional characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Air\u2013liquid interface (ALI) epithelial cultures and primary fibroblast cultures were generated from CRSwNP and CRSsNP tissue. Epithelial barrier integrity was assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and inflammatory responses to TLR stimulation were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Fibroblast migration was evaluated using scratch assays. Cellular responses to IL-4\/IL-13 with or without Dupilumab were quantified by qRT-PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRSwNP-derived epithelial cells exhibited delayed tight junction formation and impaired differentiation compared to CRSsNP cells. Poly(I:C) stimulation induced stronger expression of Th2-associated cytokines in CRSwNP cultures. CRSwNP fibroblasts showed reduced migratory capacity and a heightened induction of Th2 cytokines and extracellular matrix genes following IL-4\/IL-13 stimulation relative to CRSsNP fibroblasts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epithelial cells and fibroblasts derived from CRSwNP retain disease-associated type 2 characteristics in vitro, indicating persistent disease-aligned programmed functional alterations of the polyp microenvironment. In contrast, CRSsNP-derived cells lacked comparable enhanced type 2 responsiveness. These findings support CRSwNP as a distinct, self-sustaining inflammatory endotype and underscore the value of patient-derived models for investigating disease mechanisms and targeted therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-026-00497-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:05:10Z","timestamp":1773900310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CRSwNP-derived cells retain native disease-relevant characteristics in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"K\u00fchnel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Vossler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Siemen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Sudhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Todt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Niehaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Sch\u00fcrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"497_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011","volume":"128","author":"DL Hamilos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamilos DL. Chronic rhinosinusitis: epidemiology and medical management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(4):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.08.004. PubMed PMID: 21890184.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Oktober"},{"key":"497_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durand ML, Deschler DG, editors. Herausgeber. Infections of the Ears, Nose, Throat, and Sinuses [Internet]. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland; 2024. [zitiert 18. M\u00e4rz 2025]. Verf\u00fcgbar unter: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-68449-4.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-68449-4"},{"issue":"6","key":"497_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.10.009","volume":"136","author":"WW Stevens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stevens WW, Lee RJ, Schleimer RP, Cohen NA. Chronic Rhinosinusitis Pathogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(6):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.10.009. PubMed PMID: 26654193; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4680986.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Dezember"},{"issue":"5","key":"497_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.12","volume":"137","author":"P Tomassen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tomassen P, Vandeplas G, Van Zele T, Cardell LO, Arebro J, Olze H, et al. Inflammatory endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis based on cluster analysis of biomarkers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(5):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.12.1324. PubMed PMID: 26949058.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26604","volume":"6","author":"W Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang W, Gao Z, Wang H, Li T, He W, Lv W, et al. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Distinct Gene Expression Profiles in Eosinophilic and Noneosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep26604.","journal-title":"Sci Rep 24 Mai"},{"issue":"2","key":"497_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4193\/rhino15.271","volume":"54","author":"H Lou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lou H, Meng Y, Piao Y, Zhang N, Bachert C, Wang C, et al. Cellular phenotyping of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Rhinology. 2016;54(2):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4193\/rhino15.271 PubMed PMID: 26747641.","journal-title":"Rhinology Juni"},{"issue":"5","key":"497_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21298","volume":"4","author":"SK Wise","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wise SK, Laury AM, Katz EH, Den Beste KA, Parkos CA, Nusrat A. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 compromise the sinonasal epithelial barrier and perturb intercellular junction protein expression. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2014;4(5):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alr.21298. PubMed PMID: 24510479; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4158853.","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol Mai"},{"issue":"3","key":"497_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12644","volume":"46","author":"J Jiao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jiao J, Duan S, Meng N, Li Y, Fan E, Zhang L. Role of IFN-\u03b3, IL-13, and IL-17 on mucociliary differentiation of nasal epithelial cells in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Clin Experimental Allergy. 2016;46(3):3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cea.12644.","journal-title":"Clin Experimental Allergy"},{"issue":"8","key":"497_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23343","volume":"14","author":"M Fieux","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fieux M, Carsuzaa F, Bellanger Y, Bartier S, Fournier V, Lecron JC, et al. Dupilumab prevents nasal epithelial function alteration by IL-4 in vitro: Evidence for its efficacy. Int Forum Allergy Rhinology. 2024;14(8):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alr.23343.","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"497_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.05.052","volume":"130","author":"MB Soyka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Soyka MB, Wawrzyniak P, Eiwegger T, Holzmann D, Treis A, Wanke K, et al. Defective epithelial barrier in chronic rhinosinusitis: The regulation of tight junctions by IFN-\u03b3 and IL-4. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130(5):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.05.052.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol 1 November"},{"key":"497_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737086","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2021.737086","volume":"2","author":"KS Huntley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huntley KS, Raber J, Fine L, Bernstein JA. Influence of the Microbiome on Chronic Rhinosinusitis With and Without Polyps: An Evolving Discussion. Front Allergy. 2021;2:737086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/falgy.2021.737086. PubMed PMID: 35386978; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8974788.","journal-title":"Front Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010417","volume":"23","author":"F Carsuzaa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carsuzaa F, B\u00e9quignon \u00c9, Dufour X, de Bonnecaze G, Lecron JC, Favot L. Cytokine Signature and Involvement in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;23(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23010417. PubMed PMID: 35008843; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8745309.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci 30 Dezember"},{"issue":"18","key":"497_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814229","volume":"24","author":"JG Ha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ha JG, Cho HJ. Unraveling the Role of Epithelial Cells in the Development of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(18):18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241814229. PubMed PMID: 37762530; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10531804.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci 18 September"},{"issue":"4","key":"497_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892419835333","volume":"33","author":"Y Nagata","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nagata Y, Maruoka S, Gon Y, Mizumura K, Kishi H, Nomura Y, et al. Expression of IL-25, IL-33, and Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Nasal Polyp Gland Duct Epithelium in Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2019;33(4):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1945892419835333.","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy Juli"},{"issue":"11","key":"497_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14526","volume":"75","author":"H Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong H, Liao S, Chen F, Yang Q, Wang DY. Role of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP in triggering united airway diseases toward type 2 inflammation. Allergy. 2020;75(11):11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.14526. PubMed PMID: 32737888.","journal-title":"Allergy November"},{"issue":"2","key":"497_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.09","volume":"186","author":"SL Ball","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ball SL, Mann DA, Wilson JA, Fisher AJ. The Role of the Fibroblast in Inflammatory Upper Airway Conditions. Am J Pathol. 2016;186(2):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.09.020. PubMed PMID: 26687989; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4729240.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol Februar"},{"issue":"4","key":"497_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.06.005","volume":"152","author":"S Siddiqui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siddiqui S, Bachert C, Bjermer L, Buchheit KM, Castro M, Qin Y, et al. Eosinophils and tissue remodeling: Relevance to airway disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023;152(4):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.06.005. PubMed PMID: 37343842.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Oktober"},{"issue":"4","key":"497_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14040414","volume":"14","author":"V Fiorentino","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fiorentino V, Martini M, Galletti C, Pizzimenti C, Franchina M, Ieni A, et al. The Morphology of Nasal Polyps in Different Age Groups: Histopathological Features. J Pers Med. 2024;14(4):414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm14040414. PubMed PMID: 38673041; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC11051558.","journal-title":"J Pers Med 14 April"},{"issue":"12","key":"497_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082373","volume":"8","author":"J Meng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meng J, Zhou P, Liu Y, Liu F, Yi X, Liu S, et al. The development of nasal polyp disease involves early nasal mucosal inflammation and remodelling. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(12):12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0082373. PubMed PMID: 24340021; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3858290.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"497_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044017","volume":"24","author":"JM Shin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shin JM, Yang HW, Park JH, Kim TH. Role of Nasal Fibroblasts in Airway Remodeling of Chronic Rhinosinusitis: The Modulating Functions Reexamined. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(4):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24044017. PubMed PMID: 36835423; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9965487.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci 16 Februar"},{"issue":"38","key":"497_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA117.001364","volume":"293","author":"Y Mitamura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mitamura Y, Nunomura S, Nanri Y, Arima K, Yoshihara T, Komiya K, et al. Hierarchical control of interleukin 13 (IL-13) signals in lung fibroblasts by STAT6 and SOX11. J Biol Chem. 2018;293(38):38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.RA117.001364. PubMed PMID: 30076218; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6153291.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem 21 September"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006","volume":"118","author":"G Takayama","year":"2006","unstructured":"Takayama G, Arima K, Kanaji T, Toda S, Tanaka H, Shoji S, et al. Periostin: a novel component of subepithelial fibrosis of bronchial asthma downstream of IL-4 and IL-13 signals. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.02.046. PubMed PMID: 16815144.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Juli"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"497_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2011.12.008","volume":"50","author":"L Bao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bao L, Shi VY, Chan LS. IL-4 regulates chemokine CCL26 in keratinocytes through the Jak1, 2\/Stat6 signal transduction pathway: Implication for atopic dermatitis. Mol Immunol. 2012;50(1\u20132):1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molimm.2011.12.008. PubMed PMID: 22226123.","journal-title":"Mol Immunol Februar"},{"issue":"9","key":"497_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093280","volume":"12","author":"J Palacios-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Palacios-Garc\u00eda J, Porras-Gonz\u00e1lez C, Moreno-Luna R, Maza-Solano J, Polo-Padillo J, Mu\u00f1oz-Bravo JL, et al. Role of Fibroblasts in Chronic Inflammatory Signalling in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps-A Systematic Review. J Clin Med. 2023;12(9):9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12093280. PubMed PMID: 37176721; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10179235.","journal-title":"J Clin Med 4 Mai"},{"issue":"2","key":"497_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0212074","volume":"94","author":"V Provost","year":"2013","unstructured":"Provost V, Larose MC, Langlois A, Rola-Pleszczynski M, Flamand N, Laviolette M. CCL26\/eotaxin-3 is more effective to induce the migration of eosinophils of asthmatics than CCL11\/eotaxin-1 and CCL24\/eotaxin-2. J Leukoc Biol. 2013;94(2):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1189\/jlb.0212074. PubMed PMID: 23532518.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol August"},{"key":"497_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722170","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu","volume":"12","author":"E Sonnenberg-Riethmacher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sonnenberg-Riethmacher E, Miehe M, Riethmacher D. Periostin in Allergy and Inflammation. Front Immunol. 2021;12:722170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.722170. PubMed PMID: 34512647; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8429843.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"497_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Izuhara K, Nunomura S, Nanri Y, Ogawa M, Ono J, Mitamura Y. Periostin in inflammation and allergy. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2017;74(23):23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-017-2648-0. PubMed PMID: 28887633.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2648-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13491","volume":"50","author":"H Harb","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harb H, Chatila TA. Mechanisms of Dupilumab. Clin Exp Allergy. 2020;50(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cea.13491. PubMed PMID: 31505066; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6930967.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy Januar"},{"issue":"8","key":"497_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2192928","volume":"19","author":"K Izuhara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Izuhara K, Fujieda S, Ohta N. The functional role and the clinical application of periostin in chronic rhinosinusitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2023;19(8):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1744666x.2023.2192928. PubMed PMID: 36946365.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"497_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-024-08725-7","volume":"281","author":"M Reale","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reale M, Licci G, Orlando P, Matucci A, Trabalzini F, Maggiore G, et al. Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in the treatment of CRSwNP in the real-life setting: a review of the literature. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2024;281(10):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-024-08725-7. PubMed PMID: 38762844.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol Oktober"},{"key":"497_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bachert C, Holtappels G. Pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis, pharmaceutical therapy options. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;14:Doc09. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3205\/cto000124. PubMed PMID: 26770283; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4702058.","DOI":"10.3205\/cto000124"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-015","volume":"16","author":"KE Hulse","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hulse KE. Immune Mechanisms of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2016;16(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11882-015-0579-0. PubMed PMID: 26677109; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4917291.","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep Januar"},{"issue":"6","key":"497_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2019.1601556","volume":"15","author":"J Jiao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiao J, Wang C, Zhang L. Epithelial physical barrier defects in chronic rhinosinusitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2019;15(6):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1744666X.2019.1601556. PubMed PMID: 30925220.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol Juni"},{"issue":"2","key":"497_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1177\/2211068214561025","volume":"20","author":"B Srinivasan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Srinivasan B, Kolli AR, Esch MB, Abaci HE, Shuler ML, Hickman JJ. TEER measurement techniques for in vitro barrier model systems. J Lab Autom. 2015;20(2):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2211068214561025. PubMed PMID: 25586998; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4652793.","journal-title":"J Lab Autom April"},{"issue":"10","key":"497_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1026112107100","volume":"20","author":"JW Yoo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yoo JW, Kim YS, Lee SH, Lee MK, Roh HJ, Jhun BH, et al. Serially passaged human nasal epithelial cell monolayer for in vitro drug transport studies. Pharm Res. 2003;20(10):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1026112107100. PubMed PMID: 14620527.","journal-title":"Pharm Res Oktober"},{"issue":"5","key":"497_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00190","volume":"318","author":"C Leung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leung C, Wadsworth SJ, Yang SJ, Dorscheid DR. Structural and functional variations in human bronchial epithelial cells cultured in air-liquid interface using different growth media. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2020;318(5):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajplung.00190.2019. PubMed PMID: 32208929.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 1 Mai"},{"issue":"3","key":"497_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228229","volume":"15","author":"L Broadbent","year":"2020","unstructured":"Broadbent L, Manzoor S, Zarcone MC, Barabas J, Shields MD, Saglani S, et al. Comparative primary paediatric nasal epithelial cell culture differentiation and RSV-induced cytopathogenesis following culture in two commercial media. PLoS One. 2020;15(3):3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0228229. PubMed PMID: 32214336; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7098550.","journal-title":"PLoS One 26 M\u00e4rz"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.20014","volume":"1","author":"GA Rogers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rogers GA, Den Beste K, Parkos CA, Nusrat A, Delgaudio JM, Wise SK. Epithelial tight junction alterations in nasal polyposis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2011;1(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alr.20014. PubMed PMID: 22287308.","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"497_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2023.15.4.512","volume":"15","author":"ZQ Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang ZQ, Ye J, Liu J, Sun LY, Ong HH, Wei YH, et al. Predictive Significance of Claudin-3 for Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2023;15(4):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4168\/aair.2023.15.4.512. PubMed PMID: 37153980; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10359644.","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res Juli"},{"issue":"10","key":"497_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14307","volume":"75","author":"B Callejas-D\u00edaz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Callejas-D\u00edaz B, Fernandez G, Fuentes M, Mart\u00ednez-Ant\u00f3n A, Alobid I, Roca-Ferrer J, et al. Integrated mRNA and microRNA transcriptome profiling during differentiation of human nasal polyp epithelium reveals an altered ciliogenesis. Allergy. 2020;75(10):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.14307. PubMed PMID: 32249954.","journal-title":"Allergy Oktober"},{"key":"497_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4619","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04619","volume":"4","author":"XM Yu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yu XM, Li CW, Chao SS, Li YY, Yan Y, Zhao XN, et al. Reduced growth and proliferation dynamics of nasal epithelial stem\/progenitor cells in nasal polyps in vitro. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep04619. PubMed PMID: 24714674; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3980221.","journal-title":"Sci Rep 9 April"},{"key":"497_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yamaya M, Finkbeiner WE, Chun SY, Widdicombe JH. Differentiated structure and function of cultures from human tracheal epithelium. Am J Physiol. 1992;262(6 Pt 1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajplung.1992.262.6.L713. PubMed PMID: 1616056.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.1992.262.6.L713"},{"key":"497_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943982","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/943982","volume":"2012","author":"CE Stewart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stewart CE, Torr EE, Mohd Jamili NH, Bosquillon C, Sayers I. Evaluation of Differentiated Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Culture Systems for Asthma Research. J Allergy (Cairo). 2012;2012:943982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/943982. PubMed PMID: 22287976; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3263641.","journal-title":"J Allergy (Cairo)"},{"key":"497_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02309-9","volume":"18","author":"E Bequignon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bequignon E, Mangin D, B\u00e9caud J, Pasquier J, Angely C, Bottier M, et al. Pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: role of IL-6 in airway epithelial cell dysfunction. J Transl Med. 2020;18:136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-020-02309-9. PubMed PMID: 32209102; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7092549.","journal-title":"J Transl Med 24 M\u00e4rz"},{"issue":"5","key":"497_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-021-01471-6","volume":"44","author":"Y Tu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tu Y, Liu J, Li T, Zhou X, Tan KS, Ong HH, et al. Mucus composition abnormalities in sinonasal mucosa of chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps. Inflamm. 2021;44(5):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10753-021-01471-6. PubMed PMID: 33999330.","journal-title":"Inflamm Oktober"},{"issue":"5","key":"497_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16064","volume":"79","author":"ZQ Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang ZQ, Liu J, Sun LY, Ong HH, Ye J, Xu Y, et al. Updated epithelial barrier dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis: Targeting pathophysiology and treatment response of tight junctions. Allergy. 2024;79(5):1146\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.16064. PubMed PMID: 38372149.","journal-title":"Allergy Mai"},{"issue":"6","key":"497_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100537","volume":"9","author":"F de Borja Callejas","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Borja Callejas F, Mart\u00ednez-Ant\u00f3n A, Alobid I, Fuentes M, Cortijo J, Picado C, et al. Reconstituted human upper airway epithelium as 3-d in vitro model for nasal polyposis. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(6):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0100537. PubMed PMID: 24945146; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4063947.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"497_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.07.038","volume":"134","author":"YY Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li YY, Li CW, Chao SS, Yu FG, Yu XM, Liu J, et al. Impairment of cilia architecture and ciliogenesis in hyperplastic nasal epithelium from nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(6):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.07.038. PubMed PMID: 25201258.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Dezember"},{"issue":"3","key":"497_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158","volume":"64","author":"BS Bleier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bleier BS, Mulligan RM, Schlosser RJ. Primary human sinonasal epithelial cell culture model for topical drug delivery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2012;64(3):3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2011.01409.x. PubMed PMID: 22309277.","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol M\u00e4rz"},{"issue":"3","key":"497_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.05.038","volume":"128","author":"C Xiao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xiao C, Puddicombe SM, Field S, Haywood J, Broughton-Head V, Puxeddu I, et al. Defective epithelial barrier function in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(3):3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.05.038. PubMed PMID: 21752437.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol September"},{"issue":"7147","key":"497_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7147","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05836","volume":"447","author":"SL Foster","year":"2007","unstructured":"Foster SL, Hargreaves DC, Medzhitov R. Gene-specific control of inflammation by TLR-induced chromatin modifications. Nat. 2007;447(7147):7147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature05836. PubMed PMID: 17538624.","journal-title":"Nat 21 Juni"},{"issue":"7677","key":"497_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7677","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24271","volume":"550","author":"S Naik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Naik S, Larsen SB, Gomez NC, Alaverdyan K, Sendoel A, Yuan S, et al. Inflammatory Memory Sensitizes Skin Epithelial Stem Cells to Tissue Damage. Nat. 2017;550(7677):7677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature24271. PubMed PMID: 29045388; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5808576.","journal-title":"Nat 26 Oktober"},{"issue":"9","key":"497_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094596","volume":"23","author":"E Gusev","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gusev E, Zhuravleva Y, Inflammation. A New Look at an Old Problem. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(9):9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23094596. PubMed PMID: 35562986; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9100490.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci 21 April"},{"key":"497_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975914","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu","volume":"13","author":"M Duchesne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duchesne M, Okoye I, Lacy P. Epithelial cell alarmin cytokines: Frontline mediators of the asthma inflammatory response. Front Immunol. 2022;13:975914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.975914. PubMed PMID: 36311787; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9616080.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"497_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stanbery AG, Shuchi Smita null, Jakob von Moltke null, Wojno T, Ziegler ED, TSLP SF. IL-33, and IL-25: Not just for allergy and helminth infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;150(6):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.07.003. PubMed PMID: 35863509; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9742339.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.07.003"},{"key":"497_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13601-015-0086-3","volume":"5","author":"J van Tongeren","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Tongeren J, R\u00f6schmann KIL, Reinartz SM, Luiten S, Fokkens WJ, de Jong. EC, u. a. Expression profiling and functional analysis of Toll-like receptors in primary healthy human nasal epithelial cells shows no correlation and a refractory LPS response. Clin Transl Allergy. 2015;5:42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13601-015-0086-3. PubMed PMID: 26668716; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4677436.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Allergy"},{"issue":"4","key":"497_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152808","volume":"11","author":"K Golebski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Golebski K, van Tongeren J, van Egmond D, de Groot EJ, Fokkens WJ, van Drunen CM. Specific Induction of TSLP by the Viral RNA Analogue Poly(I:C) in Primary Epithelial Cells Derived from Nasal Polyps. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(4):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0152808. PubMed PMID: 27050744; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4822870.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"497_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-019-0389-3","volume":"15","author":"J Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li J, Jiao J, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Association between methylation in nasal epithelial TSLP gene and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2019;15:71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13223-019-0389-3. PubMed PMID: 31768185; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6873565.","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"497_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2007.05.009","volume":"124","author":"J Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang J, Matsukura S, Watanabe S, Adachi M, Suzaki H. Involvement of Toll-like receptors in the immune response of nasal polyp epithelial cells. Clin Immunol. 2007;124(3):3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clim.2007.05.009. PubMed PMID: 17602875.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol September"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2010","volume":"250","author":"T Ohkuni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ohkuni T, Kojima T, Ogasawara N, Masaki T, Fuchimoto J, Kamekura R, et al. Poly(I:C) reduces expression of JAM-A and induces secretion of IL-8 and TNF-\u03b1 via distinct NF-\u03baB pathways in human nasal epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011;250(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.taap.2010.09.023. PubMed PMID: 20932985.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1 Januar"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell","volume":"157","author":"Y Belkaid","year":"2014","unstructured":"Belkaid Y, Hand T. Role of the Microbiota in Immunity and inflammation. Cell. 2014;157(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011. PubMed PMID: 24679531; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4056765.","journal-title":"Cell 27 M\u00e4rz"},{"issue":"4","key":"497_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.07.018","volume":"152","author":"S Volpe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Volpe S, Irish J, Palumbo S, Lee E, Herbert J, Ramadan I, et al. Viral infections and chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023;152(4):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.07.018. PubMed PMID: 37574080; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10592176.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Oktober"},{"issue":"20","key":"497_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01573-13","volume":"87","author":"F Rezaee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rezaee F, DeSando SA, Ivanov AI, Chapman TJ, Knowlden SA, Beck LA, et al. Sustained Protein Kinase D Activation Mediates Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Airway Barrier Disruption. J Virol. 2013;87(20):20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.01573-13. PubMed PMID: 23926335; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3807305.","journal-title":"J Virol Oktober"},{"issue":"7","key":"497_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12071586","volume":"12","author":"F Boraldi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boraldi F, Lofaro FD, Bonacorsi S, Mazzilli A, Garcia-Fernandez M, Quaglino D. The Role of Fibroblasts in Skin Homeostasis and Repair. Biomedicines. 2024;12(7):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines12071586.","journal-title":"Biomedicines Juli"},{"issue":"6","key":"497_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13060945","volume":"13","author":"J Roman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roman J. Fibroblasts\u2014Warriors at the Intersection of Wound Healing and Disrepair. Biomolecules. 2023;13(6):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom13060945. PubMed PMID: 37371525; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10296409.","journal-title":"Biomolecules 6 Juni"},{"issue":"2","key":"497_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2024.2414774","volume":"21","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Jiao J, Wang X, Zhang L. The role of fibroblast in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a key player in the inflammatory process. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2025;21(2):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1744666X.2024.2414774. PubMed PMID: 39378160.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol Februar"},{"issue":"10","key":"497_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21555","volume":"5","author":"SM Hong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hong SM, Park IH, Um JY, Shin JM, Lee HM. Stimulatory effects of histamine on migration of nasal fibroblasts. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015;5(10):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alr.21555. PubMed PMID: 26097205.","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol Oktober"},{"issue":"7","key":"497_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1086\/528989","volume":"197","author":"CA P\u00e9rez-Novo","year":"2008","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Novo CA, Waeytens A, Claeys C, Cauwenberge PV, Bachert C. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B regulates prostaglandin E2 synthesis, growth, and migration in nasal tissue fibroblasts. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(7):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/528989. PubMed PMID: 18419541.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis 1 April"},{"issue":"3","key":"497_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2014","volume":"28","author":"JM Shin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shin JM, Park IH, Moon YM, Hong SM, Cho JS, Um JY, et al. Inhibitory effect of prostaglandin E(2) on the migration of nasal fibroblasts. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2014;28(3):3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2500\/ajra.2014.28.4039. PubMed PMID: 24980222.","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"key":"497_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caley MP, Martins VLC, O\u2019Toole EA. Metalloproteinases and Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2015;4(4):225\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/wound.2014.0581. PubMed PMID: 25945285; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4397992.","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2014.0581"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"497_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.12.082","volume":"533","author":"MM Gueders","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gueders MM, Foidart JM, Noel A, Cataldo DD. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs in the respiratory tract: potential implications in asthma and other lung diseases. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006;533(1\u20133):133\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.12.082. PubMed PMID: 16487964.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol 8 M\u00e4rz"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19970","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-04666-1","volume":"15","author":"AA Morales","year":"2025","unstructured":"Morales AA, Camarena V, Peart L, Smithson S, Shaw L, Webber L, et al. Dysregulation of cell migration by matrix metalloproteinases in geleophysic dysplasia. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):19970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-04666-1. PubMed PMID: 40481143; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC12144124.","journal-title":"Sci Rep 6 Juni"},{"issue":"9","key":"497_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201001-0028","volume":"182","author":"C Garc\u00eda-de-Alba","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-de-Alba C, Becerril C, Ruiz V, Gonz\u00e1lez Y, Reyes S, Garc\u00eda-Alvarez J, et al. Expression of matrix metalloproteases by fibrocytes: possible role in migration and homing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(9):1144\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201001-0028OC. PubMed PMID: 20622038.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1 November"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.08.003","volume":"362","author":"RD Brown","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brown RD, Jones GM, Laird RE, Hudson P, Long CS. Cytokines regulate matrix metalloproteinases and migration in cardiac fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;362(1):200\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.08.003. PubMed PMID: 17706606; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2017114.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun 12 Oktober"},{"issue":"2","key":"497_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.05","volume":"143","author":"FCP Valera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valera FCP, Ruffin M, Adam D, Maill\u00e9 \u00c9, Ibrahim B, Berube J, et al. Staphylococcus aureus impairs sinonasal epithelial repair: Effects in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and control subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;143(2):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.05.035. PubMed PMID: 29935218.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Februar"},{"issue":"10","key":"497_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.162","volume":"130","author":"SB Russell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Russell SB, Russell JD, Trupin KM, Gayden AE, Opalenik SR, Nanney LB, et al. Epigenetically altered wound healing in keloid fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130(10):2489\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jid.2010.162. PubMed PMID: 20555348; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2939920.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol Oktober"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599819832277","volume":"161","author":"EL Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu EL, Harris WC, Babcock CM, Alexander BH, Riley CA, McCoul ED. Epistaxis Risk Associated with Intranasal Corticosteroid Sprays: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;161(1):18\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0194599819832277. PubMed PMID: 30779679.","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg Juli"},{"key":"497_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb","volume":"9","author":"A Hamada","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hamada A, Torre C, Drancourt M, Ghigo E. Trained Immunity Carried by Non-immune Cells. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:3225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03225. PubMed PMID: 30692968; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6340064.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"497_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23018","volume":"12","author":"G Danielides","year":"2022","unstructured":"Danielides G, Lygeros S, Kanakis M, Naxakis S. Periostin as a biomarker in chronic rhinosinusitis: A contemporary systematic review. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2022;12(12):12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alr.23018. PubMed PMID: 35514144.","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol Dezember"},{"issue":"12","key":"497_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.11.12","volume":"10","author":"Y Wei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wei Y, Ma R, Zhang J, Wu X, Yu G, Hu X, et al. Excessive periostin expression and Th2 response in patients with nasal polyps: association with asthma. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10(12):12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/jtd.2018.11.12. PubMed PMID: 30746204; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6344679.","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis Dezember"},{"issue":"5","key":"497_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e31816b4","volume":"118","author":"KM Stankovic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stankovic KM, Goldsztein H, Reh DD, Platt MP, Metson R. Gene expression profiling of nasal polyps associated with chronic sinusitis and aspirin-sensitive asthma. Laryngoscope. 2008;118(5):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLG.0b013e31816b4b6f. PubMed PMID: 18391768.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Mai"},{"issue":"12","key":"497_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-3481-9","volume":"272","author":"J Mi\u0142o\u0144ski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mi\u0142o\u0144ski J, Zieli\u0144ska-Bli\u017aniewska H, Przyby\u0142owska K, Pietkiewicz P, Korzycka-Zaborowska B, Majsterek I, et al. Significance of CYCLOOXYGENASE-2(COX-2), PERIOSTIN (POSTN) and INTERLEUKIN-4(IL-4) gene expression in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;272(12):12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-014-3481-9. PubMed PMID: 25573836; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4633441.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-015-0218-2","volume":"16","author":"W Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li W, Gao P, Zhi Y, Xu W, Wu Y, Yin J, et al. Periostin: its role in asthma and its potential as a diagnostic or therapeutic target. Respir Res. 2015;16(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-015-0218-2. PubMed PMID: 25981515; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4437675.","journal-title":"Respir Res 17 Mai"},{"issue":"3","key":"497_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0210-8","volume":"16","author":"RK Gurram","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gurram RK, Zhu J. Orchestration between ILC2s and Th2 cells in shaping type 2 immune responses. Cell Mol Immunol. 2019;16(3):3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41423-019-0210-8. PubMed PMID: 30792500; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6460501.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol M\u00e4rz"},{"issue":"9","key":"497_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon","volume":"9","author":"SA Shah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shah SA, Kobayashi M. Pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp and a prominent T2 endotype. Heliyon. 2023;9(9):9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19249. PubMed PMID: 37674852; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10477494.","journal-title":"Heliyon September"},{"issue":"2","key":"497_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb","volume":"30","author":"JW Steinke","year":"2004","unstructured":"Steinke JW, Crouse CD, Bradley D, Hise K, Lynch K, Kountakis SE, et al. Characterization of interleukin-4-stimulated nasal polyp fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2004;30(2):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1165\/rcmb.2003-0071OC. PubMed PMID: 12920052.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol Februar"},{"key":"497_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793607","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.793607","volume":"12","author":"Y Imoto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Imoto Y, Ueki S, Kato Y, Yoshida K, Morikawa T, Kimura Y, et al. Elevated Serum Leptin Levels in Patients With Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:793607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.793607. PubMed PMID: 35046816; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8762296.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"497_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00074","volume":"10","author":"T Yamada","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamada T, Miyabe Y, Ueki S, Fujieda S, Tokunaga T, Sakashita M, et al. Eotaxin-3 as a Plasma Biomarker for Mucosal Eosinophil Infiltration in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Front Immunol. 2019;10:74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00074. PubMed PMID: 30778348; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6369170.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"497_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.01753","volume":"118","author":"A Elbe-B\u00fcrger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Elbe-B\u00fcrger A, Egyed A, Olt S, Klubal R, Mann U, Rappersberger K, et al. Overexpression of IL-4 alters the homeostasis in the skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;118(5):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.01753.x. PubMed PMID: 11982753.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol Mai"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0420","volume":"44","author":"A Leonardi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leonardi A, Cortivo R, Fregona I, Plebani M, Secchi AG, Abatangelo G. Effects of Th2 cytokines on expression of collagen, MMP-1, and TIMP-1 in conjunctival fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.02-0420. PubMed PMID: 12506073.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Januar"},{"issue":"3","key":"497_CR91","first-page":"3","volume":"292","author":"A Oriente","year":"2000","unstructured":"Oriente A, Fedarko NS, Pacocha SE, Huang SK, Lichtenstein LM, Essayan DM. Interleukin-13 modulates collagen homeostasis in human skin and keloid fibroblasts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000;292(3):3. PubMed PMID: 10688614.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther M\u00e4rz"},{"issue":"4","key":"497_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116015","volume":"90","author":"AE Postlethwaite","year":"1992","unstructured":"Postlethwaite AE, Holness MA, Katai H, Raghow R. Human fibroblasts synthesize elevated levels of extracellular matrix proteins in response to interleukin 4. J Clin Invest. 1992;90(4):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI116015. PubMed PMID: 1401080; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC443194.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest Oktober"},{"issue":"10","key":"497_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI741","volume":"101","author":"C Doucet","year":"1998","unstructured":"Doucet C, Brouty-Boy\u00e9 D, Pottin-Cl\u00e9menceau C, Canonica GW, Jasmin C, Azzarone B. Interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-13 act on human lung fibroblasts. Implication in asthma. J Clin Invest. 1998;101(10):10. PubMed PMID: 9593769; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC508801.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"497_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/10.8.1103","volume":"10","author":"T Murata","year":"1998","unstructured":"Murata T, Husain SR, Mohri H, Puri RK. Two different IL-13 receptor chains are expressed in normal human skin fibroblasts, and IL-4 and IL-13 mediate signal transduction through a common pathway. Int Immunol. 1998;10(8):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/intimm\/10.8.1103. PubMed PMID: 9723696.","journal-title":"Int Immunol August"},{"issue":"5","key":"497_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(23)00376-7","volume":"151","author":"BF Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang BF, Cao PP, Norton JE, Poposki JA, Klingler AI, Suh LA, et al. Evidence that oncostatin M synergizes with IL-4 signaling to induce TSLP expression in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023;151(5):5. PubMed PMID: 36623776; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10164690.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Mai"},{"issue":"40","key":"497_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M406951200","volume":"279","author":"M Jinnin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jinnin M, Ihn H, Yamane K, Tamaki K. Interleukin-13 stimulates the transcription of the human alpha2(I) collagen gene in human dermal fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(40):40.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M406951200. PubMed PMID: 15271999.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem 1 Oktober"},{"issue":"11","key":"497_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113057","volume":"10","author":"B Jiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiao B, An C, Du H, Tran M, Wang P, Zhou D, et al. STAT6 deficiency attenuates myeloid fibroblast activation and macrophage polarization in experimental folic acid nephropathy. Cells. 2021;10(11):11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10113057. PubMed PMID: 34831280; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8623460.","journal-title":"Cells 6 November"}],"container-title":["Journal of Inflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12950-026-00497-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12950-026-00497-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12950-026-00497-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:27:41Z","timestamp":1781641661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12950-026-00497-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12950-026-00497-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-9255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-9255","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10"}}