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Dendritic cell-derived exosomes (DEXs) provide us with the possibility of improving cardiac function after MI but are limited by low retention times and short-lived therapeutic effects. In this study, we developed a novel drug delivery system incorporating alginate hydrogel that continuously releases DEXs and investigated the mechanisms underlying the action of DEXs in the improvement of cardiac function after MI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We incorporated DEXs with alginate hydrogel (DEXs-Gel) and investigated controlled released ability and rheology, and found that DEXs-Gel release DEXs in a sustainable mammer and prolonged the retention time of DEXs but had no detrimental effects on the migration in vivo. Then DEXs-Gel was applicated in the MI model mice, we found that DEXs-Gel siginificantly enhanced the therapeutic effects of DEXs with regards to improving cardiac function after MI. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining revealed that DEXs significantly upregulated the infiltration of Treg cells and M2 macrophages into the border zoom after MI, and DEXs activated regulatory T (Treg) cells and shifted macrophages to reparative M2 macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our novel delivery method provides an innovative tool for enhancing the therapeutic effects of DEXs after MI. Further analysis revealed that DEXs exert effect by activating Treg cells and by modifying the polarization of macrophages.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphic Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-01016-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T07:02:39Z","timestamp":1631084559000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Hydrogel-load exosomes derived from dendritic cells improve cardiac function via Treg cells and the polarization of macrophages following myocardial infarction"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Youming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zichun","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunli","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qizheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6999-8927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haibo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10065","key":"1016_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30677-8","volume":"389","author":"GW Reed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reed GW, Rossi JE, Cannon CP. 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Written informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to enrollment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors agree with the submission and publication of this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"271"}}