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After cartilage damage, IL-1\u03b2, OPN, and p53 were significantly upregulated, COL1A1, COL2A1, OCN, RUNX2, p-Akt\/Akt, PI3K, c-Myc, and Bcl2 were markedly downregulated, and extracellular vesicles-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates reversed the expression induced by cartilage injury. Through sequencing, 760 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) clustered into four expression patterns were associated with negative regulation of the canonical Wnt, PI3K-Akt, AMPK, and MAPK signaling pathways.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Extracellular vesicles-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates\u00a0may serve as a new cell-free biomaterial to facilitate cartilage injury repair and improve osteoarthritis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-01086-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T14:02:42Z","timestamp":1635256962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Chitosan oligosaccharides packaged into rat adipose mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles facilitating cartilage injury repair and alleviating osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2244-1184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shenglong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijie","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1086_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109450","volume":"98","author":"SP Ojanen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ojanen SP, Finnila MAJ, Makela JTA, Saarela K, Happonen E, Herzog W, Saarakkala S, Korhonen RK. 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