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Drug therapy for RA has been restricted due to poor therapeutic effect, recurrence and adverse effects. Macrophages and synovial fibroblasts both play important roles in the pathology of RA. Macrophages secrete large amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while synovial fibroblasts are tightly correlated with hypoxia synovium microenvironment, cytokine release, recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells, bone and cartilage erosion. Therefore, in this timely research, an injectable and pH-sensitive peptide hydrogel loading methotrexate (MTX) and bismuthene nanosheet\/polyethyleneimine (BiNS\/PEI) has been developed to reduce the activity of macrophages and eliminate over-proliferated synovial fibroblasts simultaneously. MTX can reduce the cytokine secretion of macrophages\/anti-apoptosis property of synovial fibroblasts and BiNS\/PEI can eliminate synovial fibroblasts via photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) routes. The hydrogel was injected into the acidic inflammatory synovium for precise targeting and served as a drug reservoir for pH responsive and sustained drug release, while improving the bioavailability and reducing the toxicity of MTX. Excellent therapeutic efficacy has been achieved in both in vivo and in vitro studies, and this unique drug delivery system provides a new and robust strategy to eliminate synovial fibroblasts and modulate immune system for RA treatment in clinical.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphic Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02465-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T10:06:16Z","timestamp":1713348376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Synovium microenvironment-responsive injectable hydrogel inducing modulation of macrophages and elimination of synovial fibroblasts for enhanced treatment of rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yiqun","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongshi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianli","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2465_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0109-2","volume":"15","author":"Z Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen Z, Bozec A, Ramming A, Schett G. 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