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The OMVs prepared by the lysin (LOMVs) from <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic> showed better homogeneity, higher protein yield, lower endotoxin content, and lower cytotoxicity compared to the naturally produced OMVs (nOMVs). The LOMVs contain a significantly higher number of cytoplasmic and cytoplasmic membrane proteins but a smaller number of periplasmic and extracellular proteins compared to nOMVs. Intramuscular immunization with either LOMVs or nOMVs three times provided robust protection against <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic> infections in both pneumonia and bacteremia mouse models. Intranasal immunization offered good protection in the pneumonia model but weaker protection (20\u201340%) in the bacteremia model. However, with a single immunization, LOMVs demonstrated better protection than the nOMVs in the pneumonia mouse model.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The novel lysin approach provides a superior choice compared to current methods for OMV production, especially for vaccine development.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02553-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T15:01:56Z","timestamp":1716303716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Outer membrane vesicles generated by an exogenous bacteriophage lysin and protection against Acinetobacter baumannii infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Changchang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjing","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Nyaruaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongping","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2553_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3525","volume":"13","author":"C Schwechheimer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schwechheimer C, Kuehn MJ. 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All mouse experiments were conducted in an ABSL\u20102 laboratory with approval from the Animal Experiments Committee of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (approval No. WIVA17202102). Animals were randomized and cared in individually ventilated cages following a set of animal welfare and ethical criteria during the experiments and euthanized at the end of observation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"273"}}