{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T20:02:05Z","timestamp":1790971325201,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural science foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82071919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural science foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82071919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nanobiotechnol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-026-04045-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T11:46:46Z","timestamp":1770378406000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Microfluidics engineered autologous nanovaccine for activating and visualizing antitumor activity"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiacheng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfei","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyue","family":"Zu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xisheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianguang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6282","key":"4045_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf2784","volume":"352","author":"S Turajlic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turajlic S, Swanton C. Metastasis as an evolutionary process. Science. 2016;352(6282):169\u201375.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"107","key":"4045_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadr4795","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adr4795","volume":"10","author":"K Slattery","year":"2025","unstructured":"Slattery K, Yao CH, Mylod E, et al. Uptake of lipids from Ascites drives NK cell metabolic dysfunction in ovarian cancer. Sci Immunol. 2025;10(107):eadr4795.","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4045_CR3","first-page":"284","volume":"68","author":"LA Torre","year":"2018","unstructured":"Torre LA, Trabert B, DeSantis CE, et al. Ovarian cancer statistics, 2018. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(4):284\u201396.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"4045_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.09.038","volume":"29","author":"CS Shemesh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shemesh CS, Hsu JC, Hosseini I, et al. Personalized cancer vaccines: clinical Landscape, Challenges, and opportunities. Mol Ther. 2021;29(2):555\u201370.","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"4045_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00346-0","volume":"21","author":"M Saxena","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saxena M, van der Burg SH, Melief CJM, et al. Therapeutic cancer vaccines. Nat Rev Cancer. 2021;21(6):360\u201378.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"45","key":"4045_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30943","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c12967","volume":"18","author":"Z Peng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peng Z, Zhao T, Gao P, et al. Tumor-Derived extracellular vesicles enable tumor tropism Chemo-Genetherapy for local immune activation in Triple-Negative breast cancer. ACS Nano. 2024;18(45):30943\u201356.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"11","key":"4045_CR7","first-page":"3705","volume":"6","author":"K Abhange","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abhange K, Makler A, Wen Y, et al. Small extracellular vesicles in cancer. Bioact Mater. 2021;6(11):3705\u201343.","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"4045_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02215-4","volume":"24","author":"J Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li J, Wang J, Chen Z. Emerging role of exosomes in cancer therapy: progress and challenges. Mol Cancer. 2025;24(1):13.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"4045_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu Q, Fu S, Xiao H et al. Advances in extracellular vesicle nanotechnology for precision theranostics. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023;10(3):e2204814.","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202204814"},{"key":"4045_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nam GH, Choi Y, Kim GB et al. Emerging prospects of exosomes for cancer treatment: from conventional therapy to immunotherapy. Adv Mater. 2020;32(51):e2002440.","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202002440"},{"key":"4045_CR11","first-page":"491","volume":"22","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang X, Cui H, Zhang W, et al. Engineered tumor cell-derived vaccines against cancer: the Art of combating poison with poison. Bioact Mater. 2023;22:491\u2013517.","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"issue":"9","key":"4045_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-20-0956","volume":"19","author":"A Shimizu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shimizu A, Sawada K, Kobayashi M, et al. Exosomal CD47 plays an essential role in immune evasion in ovarian cancer. Mol Cancer Res. 2021;19(9):1583\u201395.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"4045_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.60782","volume":"17","author":"X Jia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jia X, Yan B, Tian X, et al. CD47\/SIRP\u03b1 pathway mediates cancer immune escape and immunotherapy. Int J Biol Sci. 2021;17(13):3281\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"4045_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu X, To KKW, Zeng Q et al. Effect of extracellular vesicles derived from tumor cells on immune evasion. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025;12(12):e2417357.","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202417357"},{"issue":"9","key":"4045_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8433","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c16854","volume":"19","author":"J Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang J, Xing K, Zhang G, et al. Surface components and biological interactions of extracellular vesicles. ACS Nano. 2025;19(9):8433\u201361.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"3","key":"4045_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30074-8","volume":"18","author":"L Seymour","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seymour L, Bogaerts J, Perrone A, et al. iRECIST: guidelines for response criteria for use in trials testing immunotherapeutics. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(3):e143\u201352.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"4045_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2021.110062","volume":"146","author":"SB Elsherif","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elsherif SB, Anderson M, Chaudhry AA, et al. Response criteria for immunotherapy and the radiologic patterns of immune-related adverse events. Eur J Radiol. 2022;146:110062.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"4045_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramon-Patino JL, Schmid S, Lau S et al. iRECIST and atypical patterns of response to immuno-oncology drugs. J Immunother Cancer. 2022;10(6):e004849.","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-004849"},{"key":"4045_CR19","first-page":"63","volume":"52","author":"M Mu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mu M, Zhang M, Liu J, et al. Real-time magnetic resonance visualization of tumor acidosis as a precognition indicator of therapeutic efficacy. Bioact Mater. 2025;52:63\u201372.","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"issue":"26","key":"4045_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.05.013","volume":"32","author":"YW Noh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Noh YW, Jang YS, Ahn KJ, et al. Simultaneous in vivo tracking of dendritic cells and priming of an antigen-specific immune response. Biomaterials. 2011;32(26):6254\u201363.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"11","key":"4045_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-00395-4","volume":"30","author":"M Lv","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lv M, Chen M, Zhang R, et al. Manganese is critical for antitumor immune responses via cGAS-STING and improves the efficacy of clinical immunotherapy. Cell Res. 2020;30(11):966\u201379.","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4045_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.05.013","volume":"53","author":"X Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang X, Bai XC, Chen ZJ. Structures and mechanisms in the cGAS-STING innate immunity pathway. Immunity. 2020;53(1):43\u201353.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"13","key":"4045_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9613","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c13194","volume":"18","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang J, Wan S, Zhou H, et al. Programmed nanocloak of commensal Bacteria-Derived nanovesicles amplify strong immunoreactivity against tumor growth and metastatic progression. ACS Nano. 2024;18(13):9613\u201326.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"4045_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01783-2","volume":"20","author":"X Ding","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ding X, Zhang J, Wan S, et al. Non-discriminating engineered masking of immuno-evasive ligands on tumour-derived extracellular vesicles enhances tumour vaccination outcomes. Nat Nanotechnol. 2025;20(1):156\u201366.","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4045_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7948","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35655-x","volume":"13","author":"H Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu H, Chen A, Zhang X, et al. A pH-responsive T(1)-T(2) dual-modal MRI contrast agent for cancer imaging. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):7948.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"4045_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0183-z","volume":"19","author":"M Feng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feng M, Jiang W, Kim BYS, et al. Phagocytosis checkpoints as new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2019;19(10):568\u201386.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"4045_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00339-z","volume":"21","author":"S Jhunjhunwala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jhunjhunwala S, Hammer C, Delamarre L. Antigen presentation in cancer: insights into tumour immunogenicity and immune evasion. Nat Rev Cancer. 2021;21(5):298\u2013312.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"4045_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-1020","volume":"9","author":"T Sen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sen T, Rodriguez BL, Chen L, et al. Targeting DNA damage response promotes antitumor immunity through STING-Mediated T-cell activation in small cell lung cancer. Cancer Discov. 2019;9(5):646\u201361.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"4045_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005026","volume":"10","author":"R Raja","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raja R, Wu C, Bassoy EY, et al. PP4 Inhibition sensitizes ovarian cancer to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity via STAT1 activation and inflammatory signaling. J Immunother Cancer. 2022;10:12.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"4045_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-022-00503-z","volume":"22","author":"LE Kandalaft","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kandalaft LE, Dangaj Laniti D, Coukos G. Immunobiology of high-grade serous ovarian cancer: lessons for clinical translation. Nat Rev Cancer. 2022;22(11):640\u201356.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"34","key":"4045_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4015","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.62.3397","volume":"33","author":"J Hamanishi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hamanishi J, Mandai M, Ikeda T, et al. Safety and antitumor activity of Anti-PD-1 Antibody, Nivolumab, in patients with Platinum-Resistant ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(34):4015\u201322.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"4045_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi W, Qian X, Yan D et al. A dendritic Cell-Nanogel conjugate for Tumor-Draining lymph Node-Specific PD-L1 Blockade. Adv Mater. 2025;37(39):e2504733.","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202504733"},{"issue":"5","key":"4045_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.09.001","volume":"38","author":"F Dammeijer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dammeijer F, van Gulijk M, Mulder EE, et al. The PD-1\/PD-L1-Checkpoint restrains T cell immunity in Tumor-Draining lymph nodes. Cancer Cell. 2020;38(5):685\u2013e7008.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"4045_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2023.09.006","volume":"10","author":"I Delclaux","year":"2024","unstructured":"Delclaux I, Ventre KS, Jones D, et al. The tumor-draining lymph node as a reservoir for systemic immune surveillance. Trends Cancer. 2024;10(1):28\u201337.","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"4045_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu M, Lau CYJ, Cabello IT et al. Live cell imaging by F\u00f6rster resonance energy transfer fluorescence to study trafficking of PLGA nanoparticles and the release of a loaded peptide in dendritic cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(6):818.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16060818"},{"key":"4045_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc2777","volume":"6","author":"A Nguyen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nguyen A, Ramesh A, Kumar S, et al. Granzyme B nanoreporter for early monitoring of tumor response to immunotherapy. Sci Adv. 2020;6:40.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"4045_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzo S, Cozzi A, Dolciami M et al. O-RADS MRI: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of diagnostic performance and Category-wise malignancy rates. Radiology. 2023;307(1):e220795.","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.220795"},{"key":"4045_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2023.216057","volume":"555","author":"RL Hollis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hollis RL. Molecular characteristics and clinical behaviour of epithelial ovarian cancers. Cancer Lett. 2023;555:216057.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"issue":"8","key":"4045_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-023-00599-8","volume":"4","author":"X Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng X, Wang X, Cheng X, et al. Single-cell analyses implicate Ascites in remodeling the ecosystems of primary and metastatic tumors in ovarian cancer. Nat Cancer. 2023;4(8):1138\u201356.","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"4045_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6177","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S176404","volume":"13","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Zhang H, Hu Y, et al. MnO nanoparticles with potential application in magnetic resonance imaging and drug delivery for myocardial infarction. Int J Nanomed. 2018;13:6177\u201388.","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nanobiotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04045-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04045-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04045-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T13:00:41Z","timestamp":1773061241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04045-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04045-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-3155"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-3155","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal experiments followed protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Nanjing Medical University (approval number 2025-SRFA-431).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"219"}}