{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:23:27Z","timestamp":1789694607695,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Project","award":["82404522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82404522"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant","award":["LQ24H030010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ24H030010"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82574019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82574019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Science Technology Project of Jiaxing-Key Research Project","award":["2024BZ20004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024BZ20004"]}]},{"name":"National Health Commission Research Foundation","award":["WKJ-ZJ-2305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WKJ-ZJ-2305"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nanobiotechnol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-026-04057-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T10:54:47Z","timestamp":1770116087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Rectal delivered nanocomposite suppository against radiation-induced proctitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jixu","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanlong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongxiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"4057_CR1","first-page":"937","volume":"24","author":"BoSCMA Colorectal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Colorectal Surgery Group, Colorectal BoSCMA, Surgeon Committee SBCMDA. Colorectal cancer professional Committee, A.-C. A. o. C., [Chinese expert consensus on multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment of radiation rectal injury (2021 edition)]. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2021;24(11):937\u201349.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"issue":"10","key":"4057_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01760.x","volume":"18","author":"B Gami","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gami B, Harrington K, Blake P, Dearnaley D, Tait D, Davies J, et al. How patients manage gastrointestinal symptoms after pelvic radiotherapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18(10):987\u201394.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"4057_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2024.4397","volume":"10","author":"JM Unger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Unger JM, Till C, Tangen CM, Hershman DL, Goodman PJ, LeBlanc M, Barlow WE, Vaidya R, Minasian LM, Parnes HL, Thompson IM. Jr., Long-Term adverse effects and complications after prostate cancer treatment. JAMA Oncol. 2024;10(12):1654\u201362.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4057_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0007-1323.2001.01809.x","volume":"88","author":"D Hayne","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hayne D, Vaizey CJ, Boulos PB. Anorectal injury following pelvic radiotherapy. Br J Surg. 2001;88(8):1037\u201348.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"4057_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000001481","volume":"62","author":"T Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma T, Zhong Q, Cao W, Qin Q, Meng X, Wang H, et al. Clinical anastomotic leakage after rectal cancer resection can be predicted by pelvic anatomic features on preoperative MRI scans: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2019;62(11):1326\u201335.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"1","key":"4057_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2005.01.034","volume":"62","author":"P Okunieff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Okunieff P, Cornelison T, Mester M, Liu W, Ding I, Chen Y, et al. Mechanism and modification of gastrointestinal soft tissue response to radiation: role of growth factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;62(1):273\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"9","key":"4057_CR7","volume":"16","author":"M Bhatia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bhatia M, Suliman H, Ahmed R, Kostadinov D, Singhal T. Radiation proctitis: a review of pathophysiology and treatment strategies. Cureus. 2024;16(9):e70581.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"4057_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1547337","volume":"28","author":"MB Grodsky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grodsky MB, Sidani SM. Radiation proctopathy. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2015;28(2):103\u201311.","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"4057_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/917941","volume":"2011","author":"NL Do","year":"2011","unstructured":"Do NL, Nagle D, Poylin VY. Radiation proctitis: current strategies in management. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2011;2011:917941.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"4057_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.132135","volume":"379","author":"M Alam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alam M, Ali S, Ashraf GM, Bilgrami AL, Yadav DK, Hassan MI. Epigallocatechin 3-gallate: from green tea to cancer therapeutics. Food Chem. 2022;379:132135.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"4057_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030654","author":"L Capasso","year":"2025","unstructured":"Capasso L, De Masi L, Sirignano C, Maresca V, Basile A, Nebbioso A, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG): pharmacological properties, biological activities and therapeutic potential. Molecules. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30030654.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"30","key":"4057_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10382","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2068500","volume":"63","author":"R Sahadevan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sahadevan R, Singh S, Binoy A, Sadhukhan S. Chemico-biological aspects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) to improve its stability, bioavailability and membrane permeability: current status and future prospects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023;63(30):10382\u2013411.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"4057_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2023.115820","volume":"261","author":"P Bakun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bakun P, Mlynarczyk DT, Koczorowski T, Cerbin-Koczorowska M, Piwowarczyk L, Kolasinski E, Stawny M, Kuzminska J, Jelinska A, Goslinski T. Tea-break with Epigallocatechin gallate derivatives - Powerful polyphenols of great potential for medicine. Eur J Med Chem. 2023;261:115820.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"4057_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2024.110608","volume":"202","author":"H Lu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lu H, Xie L, Guo L, Gu X, Zhu R, Yang Y, Tang F, Li M, Liu C, Wang D, Li M, Tian Y, Cai S. EGCG protects intestines of mice and pelvic cancer patients against radiation injury via the gut microbiota\/D-tagatose\/AMPK axis. Radiother Oncol. 2025;202:110608.","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"4057_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2019.02.022","volume":"137","author":"H Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao H, Jia L, Chen G, Li X, Meng X, Zhao X, Xing L, Zhu W. A prospective, three-arm, randomized trial of EGCG for preventing radiation-induced esophagitis in lung cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 2019;137:186\u201391.","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"4057_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848107","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.848107","volume":"12","author":"S Cai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cai S, Xie LW, Xu JY, Zhou H, Yang C, Tang LF, Tian Y, Li M. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) modulates the composition of the gut microbiota to protect against Radiation-Induced intestinal injury in mice. Front Oncol. 2022;12:848107.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"4057_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.012","volume":"161","author":"LW Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie LW, Cai S, Zhao TS, Li M, Tian Y. Green tea derivative (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) confers protection against ionizing radiation-induced intestinal epithelial cell death both in vitro and in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med. 2020;161:175\u201386.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"4057_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2024.2328184","volume":"65","author":"X Peng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Peng X, McClements DJ, Liu X, Liu F. EGCG-based nanoparticles: synthesis, properties, and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2025;65(12):2177\u201398.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"4057_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101598","volume":"31","author":"Y Yao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yao Y, Chen Y, Fu J, Ding J, Zhou W, Chen X, Wan X. A metal-polyphenol network-based iron supplement with improved stability and reduced Gastrointestinal toxicity for iron deficiency anemia therapy. Mater Today Bio. 2025;31:101598.","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"4057_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123323","volume":"321","author":"L Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao L, Liu Y, Ye L, Liang S, Lin J, Zeng J, et al. Metal ion coordinated tea polyphenol nanocoating for enhanced probiotic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Biomaterials. 2025;321:123323.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"12","key":"4057_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.04.011","volume":"185","author":"A Weiss","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weiss A, Murdoch CC, Edmonds KA, Jordan MR, Monteith AJ, Perera YR, et al. Zn-regulated GTPase metalloprotein activator 1 modulates vertebrate zinc homeostasis. Cell. 2022;185(12):2148-2163 e27.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"4057_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2016.02.020","volume":"611","author":"K Subramanian Vignesh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Subramanian Vignesh K, Deepe GS Jr. Immunological orchestration of zinc homeostasis: the battle between host mechanisms and pathogen defenses. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2016;611:66\u201378.","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"4057_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12070900","author":"Y Wan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wan Y, Zhang B. The impact of zinc and zinc homeostasis on the intestinal mucosal barrier and intestinal diseases. Biomolecules. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom12070900.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"4057_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.01.013","volume":"43","author":"Y Shao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shao Y, Wolf PG, Guo S, Guo Y, Gaskins HR, Zhang B. Zinc enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function through the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway in Caco-2 cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2017;43:18\u201326.","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"4057_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v5.i4.496","volume":"5","author":"S Skrovanek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Skrovanek S, DiGuilio K, Bailey R, Huntington W, Urbas R, Mayilvaganan B, et al. Zinc and gastrointestinal disease. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2014;5(4):496\u2013513.","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4057_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2328-8","volume":"58","author":"X Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang X, Valenzano MC, Mercado JM, Zurbach EP, Mullin JM. Zinc supplementation modifies tight junctions and alters barrier function of CACO-2 human intestinal epithelial layers. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58(1):77\u201387.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"4057_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1478","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28674I","volume":"91","author":"KM Hambidge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hambidge KM, Miller LV, Westcott JE, Sheng X, Krebs NF. Zinc bioavailability and homeostasis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(5):S1478\u201383.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4057_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41168-y","volume":"14","author":"XL Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu XL, Xiao W, Lei Y, Green A, Lee X, Maradana MR, Gao Y, Xie X, Wang R, Chennell G, Basson MA, Kille P, Maret W, Bewick GA, Zhou Y, Hogstrand C. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor utilises cellular zinc signals to maintain the gut epithelial barrier. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):5431.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"4057_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00539-w","volume":"19","author":"JN Chu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chu JN, Traverso G. Foundations of gastrointestinal-based drug delivery and future developments. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19(4):219\u201338.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4057_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-023-01276-5","volume":"43","author":"S Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou S, Zhu J, Sun X, Xie L, Zhao Y, Ding S, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of Midazolam gel after rectal administration in healthy Chinese subjects. Clin Drug Investig. 2023;43(6):421\u201333.","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"issue":"11","key":"4057_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b23-00444","volume":"46","author":"N Mori","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mori N, Oda K, Takakura H, Tanaka Y, Yokooji T, Murakami T. Comparison of berberine bioavailability between oral and rectal administrations in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2023;46(11):1639\u201342.","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"4057_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathi R, Sanshita; Kumar A, Vishvakarma V, Huanbutta K, Singh I, Sangnim T. Advancements in Rectal Drug Delivery Systems: Clinical Trials, and Patents Perspective. Pharmaceutics. 2022:14(10).","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102210"},{"issue":"5","key":"4057_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(02)02883-3","volume":"53","author":"E Ben-Josef","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ben-Josef E, Han S, Tobi M, Shaw LM, Bonner HS, Vargas BJ, Prokop S, Stamos B, Kelly L, Biggar S, Kaplan I. A pilot study of topical intrarectal application of amifostine for prevention of late radiation rectal injury. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53(5):1160\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"4057_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01196","volume":"10","author":"S Hua","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hua S. Physiological and pharmaceutical considerations for rectal drug formulations. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1196.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4057_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05561-2","volume":"64","author":"W Ohashi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ohashi W, Hara T, Takagishi T, Hase K, Fukada T. Maintenance of intestinal epithelial homeostasis by zinc transporters. Dig Dis Sci. 2019;64(9):2404\u201315.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"4057_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.113798","volume":"383","author":"J Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhang R, Xie H, Yang Y, Chen H, Lin Q. Metal-phenolic epigallocatechin gallate\u2011zinc antioxidant nanoparticles for cataract treatment. J Control Release. 2025;383:113798.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"issue":"15","key":"4057_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10410","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA00255E","volume":"14","author":"J Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao J, Qian D, Zhang L, Wang X, Zhang J. Improved antioxidative and antibacterial activity of Epigallocatechin gallate derivative complexed by zinc cations and chitosan. RSC Adv. 2024;14(15):10410\u20135.","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"issue":"4","key":"4057_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12507","volume":"16","author":"K McElvanna","year":"2014","unstructured":"McElvanna K, Wilson A, Irwin T. Sucralfate paste enema: a new method of topical treatment for haemorrhagic radiation proctitis. Colorectal Dis. 2014;16(4):281\u20134.","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"45","key":"4057_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202312925","volume":"62","author":"W Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu W, Lin Z, Pan S, Chen J, Wang T, Cortez-Jugo C, et al. Direct assembly of metal-phenolic network nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2023;62(45):e202312925.","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl"},{"issue":"12","key":"4057_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202319583","volume":"63","author":"J Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen J, Cortez-Jugo C, Kim CJ, Lin Z, Wang T, De Rose R, et al. Metal-phenolic-mediated assembly of functional small molecules into nanoparticles: assembly and bioapplications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2024;63(12):e202319583.","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl"},{"key":"4057_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.2c00136","author":"G Fan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fan G, Cottet J, Rodriguez-Otero MR, Wasuwanich P, Furst AL. Metal-phenolic networks as versatile coating materials for biomedical applications. ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsabm.2c00136.","journal-title":"ACS Appl Bio Mater"},{"issue":"13","key":"4057_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11432","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c01042","volume":"122","author":"H Geng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Geng H, Zhong QZ, Li J, Lin Z, Cui J, Caruso F, et al. Metal ion-directed functional metal-phenolic materials. Chem Rev. 2022;122(13):11432\u201373.","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"issue":"22","key":"4057_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5546","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201311136","volume":"53","author":"J Guo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guo J, Ping Y, Ejima H, Alt K, Meissner M, Richardson JJ, et al. Engineering multifunctional capsules through the assembly of metal-phenolic networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2014;53(22):5546\u201351.","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl"},{"issue":"22","key":"4057_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10800","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CS00273J","volume":"53","author":"Z Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin Z, Liu H, Richardson JJ, Xu W, Chen J, Zhou J, Caruso F. Metal-phenolic network composites: from fundamentals to applications. Chem Soc Rev. 2024;53(22):10800\u201326.","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev"},{"issue":"32","key":"4057_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13671","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR03178H","volume":"7","author":"ED Mansfield","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mansfield ED, Sillence K, Hole P, Williams AC, Khutoryanskiy VV. POZylation: a new approach to enhance nanoparticle diffusion through mucosal barriers. Nanoscale. 2015;7(32):13671\u20139.","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"1","key":"4057_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.105.088146","volume":"315","author":"A Lamprecht","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lamprecht A, Yamamoto H, Takeuchi H, Kawashima Y. Nanoparticles enhance therapeutic efficiency by selectively increased local drug dose in experimental colitis in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005;315(1):196\u2013202.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"4057_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.09.015","volume":"338","author":"TJ Purohit","year":"2021","unstructured":"Purohit TJ, Hanning SM, Amirapu S, Wu Z. Rectal bioavailability of amoxicillin sodium in rabbits: effects of suppository base and drug dose. J Control Release. 2021;338:858\u201369.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"issue":"3","key":"4057_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-010-9478-9","volume":"11","author":"D Gugulothu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gugulothu D, Pathak S, Suryavanshi S, Sharma S, Patravale V. Self-microemulsifiyng suppository formulation of beta-artemether. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2010;11(3):1179\u201384.","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"issue":"11","key":"4057_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2016-0047","volume":"11","author":"K Maisel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maisel K, Reddy M, Xu Q, Chattopadhyay S, Cone R, Ensign LM, Hanes J. Nanoparticles coated with high molecular weight PEG penetrate mucus and provide uniform vaginal and colorectal distribution in vivo. Nanomed (Lond). 2016;11(11):1337\u201343.","journal-title":"Nanomed (Lond)"},{"issue":"9","key":"4057_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1039\/C9BM00759H","volume":"7","author":"M Melo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Melo M, Nunes R, Sarmento B, das Neves J. Colorectal distribution and retention of polymeric nanoparticles following incorporation into a thermosensitive enema. Biomater Sci. 2019;7(9):3801\u201311.","journal-title":"Biomater Sci"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"4057_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.09.012","volume":"99","author":"JS Suk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suk JS, Xu Q, Kim N, Hanes J, Ensign LM. PEGylation as a strategy for improving nanoparticle-based drug and gene delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016;99(Pt A):28\u201351.","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4057_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfrep.2017.02.001","volume":"72","author":"H Heinz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Heinz H, Pramanik C, Heinz O, Ding Y, Mishra RK, Marchon D, Flatt RJ, Estrela-Lopis I, Llop J, Moya S, Ziolo RF. Nanoparticle decoration with surfactants: molecular interactions, assembly, and applications. Surf Sci Rep. 2017;72(1):1\u201358.","journal-title":"Surf Sci Rep"},{"key":"4057_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2025.2463693","author":"IY Ponedel\u2019kina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ponedel\u2019kina IY, Khaybrakhmanova EA, Rakhimova LY. In vitro evaluation of the mucoadhesive properties of zinc hyaluronate. Nat Prod Res. 2025. Online ahead of print. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14786419.2025.2463693.","journal-title":"Nat Prod Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4057_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2007.06.034","volume":"347","author":"E Hagesaether","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hagesaether E, Bye R, Sande SA. Ex vivo mucoadhesion of different zinc-pectinate hydrogel beads. Int J Pharm. 2008;347(1\u20132):9\u201315.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"4057_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084339","author":"M Vitulo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vitulo M, Gnodi E, Meneveri R, Barisani D. Interactions between nanoparticles and intestine. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23084339.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4057_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.6811","volume":"97","author":"A Mihaescu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mihaescu A, Santen S, Jeppsson B, Thorlacius H. P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling regulates vascular inflammation and epithelial barrier dysfunction in an experimental model of radiation-induced colitis. Br J Surg. 2010;97(2):226\u201334.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"4057_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102284","volume":"6","author":"Q Xiao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xiao Q, Riedesser JE, Mulholland T, Li Z, Buchloh J, Albrecht P, et al. Combined MEK and PARP inhibition enhances radiation response in rectal cancer. Cell Rep Med. 2025;6(8):102284.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4057_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.09.103","volume":"350","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Wang Q, Mark Evers B, Chung DH. Oxidative stress-induced intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis is mediated by p38 MAPK. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;350(4):860\u20135.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"4057_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.27352","volume":"8","author":"WJ Pannekoek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pannekoek WJ, Post A, Bos JL. Rap1 signaling in endothelial barrier control. Cell Adh Migr. 2014;8(2):100\u20137.","journal-title":"Cell Adh Migr"},{"issue":"34","key":"4057_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35127","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M404917200","volume":"279","author":"LS Price","year":"2004","unstructured":"Price LS, Hajdo-Milasinovic A, Zhao J, Zwartkruis FJ, Collard JG, Bos JL. Rap1 regulates E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(34):35127\u201332.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4057_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.10.009","volume":"100","author":"BM Young","year":"2019","unstructured":"Young BM, Shankar K, Tho CK, Pellegrino AR, Heise RL. Laminin-driven Epac\/Rap1 regulation of epithelial barriers on decellularized matrix. Acta Biomater. 2019;100:223\u201334.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"issue":"1","key":"4057_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01115-9","volume":"9","author":"Z Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu Z, Huang S, Li T, Li N, Han D, Zhang B, et al. Gut microbiota from green tea polyphenol-dosed mice improves intestinal epithelial homeostasis and ameliorates experimental colitis. Microbiome. 2021;9(1):184.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"4057_CR63","first-page":"9067","volume":"72","author":"G Zuo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zuo G, Chen M, Zuo Y, Liu F, Yang Y, Li J, Zhou X, Li M, Huang JA, Liu Z, Lin Y. Tea polyphenol Epigallocatechin gallate protects against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and associated endotoxemia in rats via modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis and alleviating intestinal barrier dysfunction and related inflammation. J Agric Food Chem. 2024;72:9067\u201386.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"4057_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2174\/1871523015666160915154443","volume":"15","author":"T Ohishi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ohishi T, Goto S, Monira P, Isemura M, Nakamura Y. Anti-inflammatory action of green tea. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem. 2016;15(2):74\u201390.","journal-title":"Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem"},{"key":"4057_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbae122","volume":"11","author":"Q Pan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pan Q, Xie L, Zhu H, Zong Z, Wu D, Liu R, et al. Curcumin-incorporated EGCG-based nano-antioxidants alleviate colon and kidney inflammation via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy. Regen Biomater. 2024;11:rbae122.","journal-title":"Regen Biomater"},{"issue":"4","key":"4057_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1021\/jf803143n","volume":"57","author":"J Hu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hu J, Zhou D, Chen Y. Preparation and antioxidant activity of green tea extract enriched in Epigallocatechin (EGC) and Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57(4):1349\u201353.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"4057_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.686078","volume":"8","author":"M Knez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Knez M, Glibetic M. Zinc as a biomarker of cardiovascular health. Front Nutr. 2021;8:686078.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4057_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-021-00913-1","volume":"52","author":"P Xia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xia P, Lian S, Wu Y, Yan L, Quan G, Zhu G. Zinc is an important inter-kingdom signal between the host and microbe. Vet Res. 2021;52(1):39.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4057_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c12131","volume":"19","author":"C Tang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tang C, Wang H, Guo L, Cui Y, Zou C, Hu J, Zhang H, Yang G, Zhou W. Multifunctional nanomedicine for targeted atherosclerosis therapy: activating plaque clearance cascade and suppressing inflammation. ACS Nano. 2025;19(3):3339\u201361.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"9","key":"4057_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2017.1343143","volume":"11","author":"M Vancamelbeke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vancamelbeke M, Vermeire S. The intestinal barrier: a fundamental role in health and disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;11(9):821\u201334.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4057_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2020.112","volume":"29","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Li F, Xin Y, Duan Z. Contributions of HO-1-dependent MAPK to regulating intestinal barrier disruption. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2021;29(2):175\u201383.","journal-title":"Biomol Ther (Seoul)"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"4057_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20050959","volume":"393","author":"S Basuroy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Basuroy S, Seth A, Elias B, Naren AP, Rao R. MAPK interacts with occludin and mediates EGF-induced prevention of tight junction disruption by hydrogen peroxide. Biochem J. 2006;393(Pt 1):69\u201377.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"3","key":"4057_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12362","volume":"38","author":"M Watanabe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Watanabe M, Nishino H, Sameshima Y, Ota A, Nakamura S, Hibi T. Randomised clinical trial: evaluation of the efficacy of mesalazine (mesalamine) suppositories in patients with ulcerative colitis and active rectal inflammation -- a placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38(3):264\u201373.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"4057_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1018347","volume":"18","author":"L Carling","year":"1986","unstructured":"Carling L, Kagevi I, Borvall E. Sucralfate enema (SUC)--effective in IBD? Endoscopy. 1986;18(3):115.","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"issue":"4","key":"4057_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199855040-00004","volume":"55","author":"S Ardizzone","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ardizzone S, Bianchi Porro G. A practical guide to the management of distal ulcerative colitis. Drugs. 1998;55(4):519\u201342.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"2","key":"4057_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2004.08.007","volume":"57","author":"U Klotz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klotz U, Schwab M. Topical delivery of therapeutic agents in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005;57(2):267\u201379.","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"4057_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12030222","author":"S Persaud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Persaud S, Eid S, Swiderski N, Serris I, Cho H. Preparations of rectal suppositories containing artesunate. Pharmaceutics. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics12030222.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"4057_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.24018\/ejpharma.2023.3.4.68","volume":"3","author":"A Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar A, Kolay A, Havelikar U. Modern aspects of suppositories: a review. Eur J Pharm Res. 2023;3(4):23\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nanobiotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04057-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04057-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04057-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T19:02:28Z","timestamp":1770318148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04057-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04057-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-3155"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-3155","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal studies were accredited by the Institutional Ethics Committee and followed the requirements for the care and use of laboratory animals of the Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (AP2025-11-0636).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors agree to be published.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"124"}}