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All experiments involving authentic SARS-CoV-2 strains were conducted in an animal biosafety level 3 (ABSL-3) facility of Guangzhou National Laboratory and approved by the biosafety ethics committee of Guangzhou National Laboratory (Approval number: GZLABSL3-A2025-011\u00a0A).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"418"}}