{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:56:23Z","timestamp":1790916983403,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025YA0922400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YA0922400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22578363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22578363"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nanobiotechnol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-026-04493-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T12:13:16Z","timestamp":1778328796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An intelligent nano-engineered PLGA@IGF-1 hydrogel for programmed immune modulation and tendon regeneration via IGF-1R\/AKT signaling"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenhui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"4493_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.26","volume":"11","author":"G Nourissat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nourissat G, Berenbaum F, Duprez D. Tendon injury: from biology to tendon repair. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11:223\u201333.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"4493_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121606","volume":"286","author":"H Park","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park H, Nazhat SN, Rosenzweig DH. Mechanical activation drives tenogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in aligned dense collagen hydrogels. Biomaterials. 2022;286:121606.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"4493_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13522","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c01976","volume":"17","author":"L Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu L, Kang Y, Shi X, Yuezhen B, Qu M, Li J, et al. Natural-wood-inspired ultrastrong anisotropic hybrid hydrogels targeting artificial tendons or ligaments. ACS Nano. 2023;17:13522\u201332.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"4493_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2000.010006312.x","volume":"10","author":"P Kannus","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kannus P. Structure of the tendon connective tissue. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2000;10:312\u201320.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"4493_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.05.011","volume":"39","author":"JHC Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang JHC. Mechanobiology of tendon. J Biomech. 2006;39:1563\u201382.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"4493_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1366398","volume":"12","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Y, Lu X, Lu J, Hernigou P, Jin F. The role of macrophage polarization in tendon healing and therapeutic strategies: insights from animal models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2024;12:1366398.","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"4493_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2019.11.009","volume":"21","author":"HT Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu HT, Lee CW, Li MY, Wang YF, Yung PS, Lee OK. The shift in macrophages polarisation after tendon injury: a systematic review. J Orthop Translat. 2020;21:24\u201334.","journal-title":"J Orthop Translat"},{"key":"4493_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.213","volume":"13","author":"NL Millar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Millar NL, Murrell GA, McInnes IB. Inflammatory mechanisms in tendinopathy - towards translation. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2017;13:110\u201322.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"4493_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.08.032","volume":"63","author":"JG Snedeker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Snedeker JG, Foolen J. Tendon injury and repair - a perspective on the basic mechanisms of tendon disease and future clinical therapy. Acta Biomater. 2017;63:18\u201336.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"4493_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20531","volume":"26","author":"S Hasslund","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hasslund S, Jacobson JA, Dadali T, Basile P, Ulrich-Vinther M, S\u00f8balle K, et al. Adhesions in a murine flexor tendon graft model: autograft versus allograft reconstruction. J Orthop Res. 2008;26:824\u201333.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"4493_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2014.11.015","volume":"84","author":"D Docheva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Docheva D, M\u00fcller SA, Majewski M, Evans CH. Biologics for tendon repair. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2015;84:222\u201339.","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"4493_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2025.5636","volume":"56","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Y, Zhu Y, Song S, Hu Y. Contribution of insulin\u2013like growth factor\u20131 to tendon repair (review). Int J Mol Med. 2025;56:195.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"4493_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang M, Zhang J, Li H, Li Y, Li Z. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) empowering tendon regenerative therapies. 2025, Volume 13\u20132025:1492811.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1492811"},{"key":"4493_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.111941","volume":"123","author":"Z Yan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yan Z, Meng X, Su Y, Chen Y, Zhang L, Xiao J. Double layer composite membrane for preventing tendon adhesion and promoting tendon healing. Mater Sci Eng C. 2021;123:111941.","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C"},{"key":"4493_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-017-0117-1","volume":"5","author":"Z Yan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yan Z, Yin H, Nerlich M, Pfeifer CG, Docheva D. Boosting tendon repair: interplay of cells, growth factors and scaffold-free and gel-based carriers. J Exp Orthop. 2018;5:1.","journal-title":"J Exp Orthop"},{"key":"4493_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125001","volume":"242","author":"Z Ren","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ren Z, Duan Z, Zhang Z, Fu R, Zhu C, Fan D. Instantaneous self-healing and strongly adhesive self-adaptive hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel for controlled drug release to promote tendon wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;242:125001.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"4493_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.02.008","volume":"9","author":"CN Manning","year":"2013","unstructured":"Manning CN, Schwartz AG, Liu W, Xie J, Havlioglu N, Sakiyama-Elbert SE, et al. Controlled delivery of mesenchymal stem cells and growth factors using a nanofiber scaffold for tendon repair. Acta Biomater. 2013;9:6905\u201314.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"4493_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.157139","volume":"500","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Zhu C, Ma X, Fan D. Tough and anisotropic Janus hydrogel for tendon injury repair with controlled release of bFGF in tendon microenvironment. Chem Eng J. 2024;500:157139.","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"4493_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00810-0","volume":"6","author":"BR Freedman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Freedman BR, Kuttler A, Beckmann N, Nam S, Kent D, Schuleit M, Ramazani F, Accart N, Rock A, Li J, et al. Enhanced tendon healing by a tough hydrogel with an adhesive side and high drug-loading capacity. Nat Biomedical Eng. 2022;6:1167\u201379.","journal-title":"Nat Biomedical Eng"},{"key":"4493_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16071","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.71","volume":"1","author":"J Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li J, Mooney DJ. Designing hydrogels for controlled drug delivery. Nat Reviews Mater. 2016;1:16071.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Mater"},{"key":"4493_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.05.033","volume":"196","author":"MCG Pell\u00e1","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pell\u00e1 MCG, Lima-Ten\u00f3rio MK, Ten\u00f3rio-Neto ET, Guilherme MR, Muniz EC, Rubira AF. Chitosan-based hydrogels: From preparation to biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym. 2018;196:233\u201345.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"4493_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7955","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB01363G","volume":"9","author":"Y Ou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ou Y, Tian M. Advances in multifunctional chitosan-based self-healing hydrogels for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B. 2021;9:7955\u201371.","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"key":"4493_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.3390\/polym3031377","volume":"3","author":"HK Makadia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Makadia HK, Siegel SJ. Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as biodegradable controlled drug delivery carrier. Polymers (Basel). 2011;3:1377\u201397.","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"4493_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.01.043","volume":"161","author":"F Danhier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Danhier F, Ansorena E, Silva JM, Coco R, Le Breton A, Pr\u00e9at V. PLGA-based nanoparticles: An overview of biomedical applications. J Controlled Release. 2012;161:505\u201322.","journal-title":"J Controlled Release"},{"key":"4493_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2501306","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202501306","volume":"37","author":"R Luo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luo R, Xiong Y, Li J, Xiao M, Bai Y, Xu Z, Luo Z, Li C, Liang A, Feng H, Li Z. Piezoelectric Injectable Anti-Adhesive Hydrogel to Promote Endogenous Healing of Tendon Injuries. Adv Mater. 2025;37:e2501306.","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"4493_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2313722","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202313722","volume":"37","author":"W Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang W, Rao Y, Wong SH, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Yang R, Tsui SK, Ker DFE, Mao C, Frith JE, et al. Transcriptome-Optimized Hydrogel Design of a Stem Cell Niche for Enhanced Tendon Regeneration. Adv Mater. 2025;37:e2313722.","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"4493_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02445-y","volume":"16","author":"P Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li P, Zhou H, Tu T, Lu H. Dynamic exacerbation in inflammation and oxidative stress during the formation of peritendinous adhesion resulted from acute tendon injury. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021;16:293.","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"4493_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00259.2009","volume":"108","author":"S Arya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arya S, Kulig K. Tendinopathy alters mechanical and material properties of the Achilles tendon. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010;108:670\u20135.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"4493_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4479","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c18989","volume":"14","author":"N Park","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park N, Kim J. Anisotropic hydrogels with a multiscale hierarchical structure exhibiting high strength and toughness for mimicking tendons. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2022;14:4479\u201389.","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"4493_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202309500","volume":"34","author":"N Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li N, Yu Q, Duan S, Du Y, Shi X, Li X, et al. Anti-swelling, high-strength, anisotropic conductive hydrogel with excellent biocompatibility for implantable electronic tendon. Adv Funct Mater. 2024;34:2309500.","journal-title":"Adv Funct Mater"},{"key":"4493_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbac062","volume":"9","author":"Y Tang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang Y, Wang Z, Xiang L, Zhao Z, Cui W. Functional biomaterials for tendon\/ligament repair and regeneration. Regen Biomater. 2022;9:rbac062.","journal-title":"Regen Biomater"},{"key":"4493_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16798","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c03556","volume":"17","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Yang Y, Suo D, Zhao S, Cheung JC, Leung PH, et al. A biomimetic adhesive and robust Janus patch with anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial activities for tendon repair. ACS Nano. 2023;17:16798\u2013816.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"4493_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.137092","volume":"282","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Zhu C, Ma X, Fan D. Smart hydrogel-based trends in future tendon injury repair: A review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;282:137092.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"4493_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118774302","volume":"6","author":"TR Jildeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jildeh TR, Okoroha KR, Marshall NE, Abdul-Hak A, Zeni F, Moutzouros V. Infection and rerupture after surgical repair of Achilles tendons. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6:2325967118774302.","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"4493_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2012.07.009","volume":"98","author":"E Fourniols","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fourniols E, Lazennec JY, Rousseau MA. Salvage technique for postoperative infection and necrosis of the Achilles tendon. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2012;98:915\u201320.","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"4493_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7449","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147449","volume":"22","author":"C Ardean","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ardean C, Davidescu CM, Neme\u015f NS, Negrea A, Ciopec M, Duteanu N, Negrea P, Duda-Seiman D, Musta V. Factors Influencing the Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan and Chitosan Modified by Functionalization. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:7449.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4493_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120838","volume":"276","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yuan Y, Shen S, Fan D. A physicochemical double cross-linked multifunctional hydrogel for dynamic burn wound healing: shape adaptability, injectable self-healing property and enhanced adhesion. Biomaterials. 2021;276:120838.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"4493_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2102863","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202102863","volume":"11","author":"I Calejo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Calejo I, Labrador-Rached CJ, Gomez-Florit M, Docheva D, Reis RL, Domingues RMA, Gomes ME. Bioengineered 3D Living Fibers as In Vitro Human Tissue Models of Tendon Physiology and Pathology. Adv Healthc Mater. 2022;11:e2102863.","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"issue":"9","key":"4493_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10092307","volume":"10","author":"IN Amirrah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amirrah IN, Lokanathan Y, Zulkiflee I, Wee M, Motta A, Fauzi MB. A comprehensive review on collagen type I development of biomaterials for tissue engineering: from biosynthesis to bioscaffold. Biomedicines. 2022;10(9):2307.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"4493_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2016.07.011","volume":"60\u201361","author":"AJ Zollinger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zollinger AJ, Smith ML. Fibronectin, the extracellular glue. Matrix Biol. 2017;60\u201361:27\u201337.","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"key":"4493_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39628","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c09232","volume":"19","author":"H Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao H, Yu C, Du X, Zhang Z, Lei M, Luo H, Sheng H, Zhang J, Dong Y, Li Y, et al. Nanopeptides-Loaded Electro-Assembled Oriented Collagen Matrix for the Synergistically Promotes Early Angiogenesis in Tendon Healing. ACS Nano. 2025;19:39628\u201344.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"4493_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.140366","volume":"454","author":"KT Shalumon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shalumon KT, Liao H-T, Li W-H, T.G D PAM, Chen J-P. Braided suture-reinforced fibrous yarn bundles as a scaffold for tendon tissue engineering in extensor digitorum tendon repair. Chem Eng J. 2023;454:140366.","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"4493_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8003","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43645-w","volume":"14","author":"M Atkins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Atkins M, Wurmser M, Darmon M, Roche F, Nicol X, M\u00e9tin C. CXCL12 targets the primary cilium cAMP\/cGMP ratio to regulate cell polarity during migration. Nat Commun. 2023;14:8003.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4493_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.629515","volume":"9","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Y, Wu T, Liu S. Identification and distinction of tenocytes and tendon-derived stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:629515.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"4493_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang B, Wu X, Meng F, Si L, Cao S, Dong Y, Sun H, Lv M, Xu H, Bai N et al. Progerin modulates the IGF-1R\/Akt signaling involved in aging. Sci Adv. 2022;8(27):eabo0322.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo0322"},{"key":"4493_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson-Spence F, Jovaisaite A, Grant M, Liu W-K, Butters T, Powles T, Szabados B. Outcomes after first-line therapy for immune\/immune or immune\/VEGF combinations. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38:706.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2020.38.6_suppl.706"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nanobiotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04493-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04493-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04493-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T02:02:20Z","timestamp":1783044140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04493-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04493-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-3155"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-3155","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal experiments involved in this study were conducted in accordance with the standards of the Animal Ethics Committee of Northwest University (\n                      NWU-AWC-20220902\u00a0L\n                      ).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"We give our consent for the manuscript to be published in\n                      Journal of Nanobiotechnology\n                      .","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"611"}}