{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T04:28:59Z","timestamp":1786595339292,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":76,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Sailing Program","award":["22YF1433300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YF1433300"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007219","name":"Shanghai Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["25ZR1402424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25ZR1402424"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007219","name":"Shanghai Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["25ZR1401284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25ZR1401284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nanobiotechnol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-026-04597-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T12:55:49Z","timestamp":1780059349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultrasound-stimulated BTO-BSA-gen inhibits implant-associated infections by suppressing bacterial adhesion and potentiating aminoglycosides"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jianing","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renke","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyue","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Er","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangwei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liehu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"14","key":"4597_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra035415","volume":"350","author":"RO Darouiche","year":"2004","unstructured":"Darouiche RO. Treatment of infections associated with surgical implants. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(14):1422\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra035415.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"4597_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1086\/374842","volume":"36","author":"RO Darouiche","year":"2003","unstructured":"Darouiche RO. Antimicrobial approaches for preventing infections associated with surgical implants. Clin Infect diseases: official publication Infect Dis Soc Am. 2003;36(10):1284\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/374842.","journal-title":"Clin Infect diseases: official publication Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"4597_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000692","volume":"46","author":"JS VanEpps","year":"2016","unstructured":"VanEpps JS, Younger JG. Implantable Device-Related Infection. Shock (Augusta Ga). 2016;46(6):597\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000692.","journal-title":"Shock (Augusta Ga)"},{"issue":"9","key":"4597_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94","volume":"14","author":"HC Flemming","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flemming HC, Wingender J, Szewzyk U, Steinberg P, Rice SA, Kjelleberg S. Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016;14(9):563\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4597_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00767-0","volume":"20","author":"K Sauer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sauer K, Stoodley P, Goeres DM, Hall-Stoodley L, Burm\u00f8lle M, Stewart PS, Bjarnsholt T. The biofilm life cycle: expanding the conceptual model of biofilm formation. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2022;20(10):608\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-022-00767-0.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"4597_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.00999","volume":"97","author":"MB Siqueira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Siqueira MB, Saleh A, Klika AK, O\u2019Rourke C, Schmitt S, Higuera CA, Barsoum WK. Chronic Suppression of Periprosthetic Joint Infections with Oral Antibiotics Increases Infection-Free Survivorship. J Bone Joint Surg Am Vol. 2015;97(15):1220\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.N.00999.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4597_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-019-02559-4","volume":"30","author":"NA Sandiford","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sandiford NA, Hutt JR, Kendoff DO, Mitchell PA, Citak M, Granger L. Prolonged suppressive antibiotic therapy is successful in the management of prosthetic joint infection. Eur J Orthop Surg traumatology: orthopedie traumatologie. 2020;30(2):313\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-019-02559-4.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg traumatology: orthopedie traumatologie"},{"issue":"9","key":"4597_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2008.04.001","volume":"18","author":"TR Garrett","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garrett TR, Bhakoo M, Zhang Z. Bacterial adhesion and biofilms on surfaces. Progress Nat Science\/Progress Nat Sci. 2008d;18(9):1049\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnsc.2008.04.001.","journal-title":"Progress Nat Science\/Progress Nat Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"4597_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0057-5","volume":"16","author":"C Berne","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berne C, Ellison CK, Ducret A, Brun YV. Bacterial adhesion at the single-cell level. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16(10):616\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-018-0057-5.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4597_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00682-4","volume":"20","author":"O Ciofu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ciofu O, Moser C, Jensen P\u00d8, H\u00f8iby N. Tolerance and resistance of microbial biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2022;20(10):621\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-022-00682-4.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4597_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0019-y","volume":"16","author":"CR Arciola","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arciola CR, Campoccia D, Montanaro L. Implant infections: adhesion, biofilm formation and immune evasion. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16(7):397\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-018-0019-y.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4597_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.59025","volume":"17","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Y, Li X, Hao Y, Liu Y, Dong Z, Li K. Biological and Physiochemical Methods of Biofilm Adhesion Resistance Control of Medical-Context Surface. Int J Biol Sci. 2021d;17(7):1769\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijbs.59025.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4597_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010054","volume":"12","author":"AA Ciarolla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ciarolla AA, Lapin N, Williams D, Chopra R, Greenberg DE. Physical Approaches to Prevent and Treat Bacterial Biofilm. Antibiot (Basel Switzerland). 2022;12(1):54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12010054.","journal-title":"Antibiot (Basel Switzerland)"},{"issue":"2","key":"4597_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2011.554831","volume":"27","author":"S Shim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shim S, Hong SH, Tak Y, Yoon J. Prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion by electric currents. Biofouling. 2011;27(2):217\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08927014.2011.554831.","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"4597_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15016","DOI":"10.1038\/npjbiofilms.2015.16","volume":"1","author":"YW Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim YW, Subramanian S, Gerasopoulos K, Ben-Yoav H, Wu HC, Quan D, Carter K, Meyer MT, Bentley WE, Ghodssi R. Effect of electrical energy on the efficacy of biofilm treatment using the bioelectric effect. NPJ biofilms microbiomes. 2015;1:15016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npjbiofilms.2015.16.","journal-title":"NPJ biofilms microbiomes"},{"issue":"20","key":"4597_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6117","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14206117","volume":"14","author":"A Minkiewicz-Zochniak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Minkiewicz-Zochniak A, Strom K, Jarzynka S, Iwa\u0144czyk B, Koryszewska-Bagi\u0144ska A, Ol\u0119dzka G. Effect of Low Amperage Electric Current on Staphylococcus Aureus-Strategy for Combating Bacterial Biofilms Formation on Dental Implants in Cystic Fibrosis Patients, In Vitro Study. Mater (Basel Switzerland). 2021;14(20):6117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14206117.","journal-title":"Mater (Basel Switzerland)"},{"issue":"10","key":"4597_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8086","volume":"33","author":"CK Sen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sen CK, Mathew-Steiner SS, Das A, Sundaresan VB, Roy S. Electroceutical Management of Bacterial Biofilms and Surgical Infection. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2020;33(10):713\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ars.2020.8086.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"4597_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.11.013","volume":"41","author":"MT Ehrensberger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ehrensberger MT, Tobias ME, Nodzo SR, Hansen LA, Luke-Marshall NR, Cole RF, Wild LM, Campagnari AA. Cathodic voltage-controlled electrical stimulation of titanium implants as treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus periprosthetic infections. Biomaterials. 2015;41:97\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.11.013.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"4597_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-018-0059-8","volume":"38","author":"J Jacob","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacob J, More N, Kalia K, Kapusetti G. Piezoelectric smart biomaterials for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Inflamm regeneration. 2018;38:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41232-018-0059-8.","journal-title":"Inflamm regeneration"},{"issue":"12","key":"4597_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2206401","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202206401","volume":"19","author":"A Sood","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sood A, Desseigne M, Dev A, Maurizi L, Kumar A, Millot N, Han SS. A Comprehensive Review on Barium Titanate Nanoparticles as a Persuasive Piezoelectric Material for Biomedical Applications: Prospects and Challenges. Small. 2023;19(12):e2206401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.202206401.","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"7","key":"4597_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11066","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c03087","volume":"15","author":"A Cafarelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cafarelli A, Marino A, Vannozzi L, Puigmart\u00ed-Luis J, Pan\u00e9 S, Ciofani G, Ricotti L. Piezoelectric Nanomaterials Activated by Ultrasound: The Pathway from Discovery to Future Clinical Adoption. ACS Nano. 2021;15(7):11066\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.1c03087.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"4597_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.09.121","volume":"42","author":"AV Zanfir","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zanfir AV, Voicu G, Jinga SI, Vasile E, Ionita V. Low-temperature synthesis of batio3 nanopowders. Ceram Int. 2016;42(1):1672\u20138.","journal-title":"Ceram Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"4597_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880803100906","volume":"31","author":"JL Del Pozo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Del Pozo JL, Rouse MS, Patel R. Bioelectric effect and bacterial biofilms. A systematic review. Int J Artif Organs. 2008;31(9):786\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/039139880803100906.","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs"},{"key":"4597_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18033","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.33","volume":"4","author":"AS Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee AS, de Lencastre H, Garau J, Kluytmans J, Malhotra-Kumar S, Peschel A, Harbarth S. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Nat reviews Disease primers. 2018;4:18033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2018.33.","journal-title":"Nat reviews Disease primers"},{"issue":"6","key":"4597_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000677","volume":"33","author":"D Ibrahim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ibrahim D, Jabbour JF, Kanj SS. Current choices of antibiotic treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2020;33(6):464\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000677.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"4597_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-013-4557-2","volume":"56","author":"Z Dong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dong Z, Chen Y. Transcriptomics: advances and approaches. Sci China Life Sci. 2013;56(10):960\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11427-013-4557-2.","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4597_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.06.009","volume":"30","author":"JM Stokes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stokes JM, Lopatkin AJ, Lobritz MA, Collins JJ. Bacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Efficacy. Cell Metabol. 2019;30(2):251\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.06.009.","journal-title":"Cell Metabol"},{"key":"4597_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2023.09.007","volume":"218","author":"JE Cronan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cronan JE. Unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in bacteria: Mechanisms and regulation of canonical and remarkably noncanonical pathways. Biochimie. 2024;218:137\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biochi.2023.09.007.","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"4597_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102012","volume":"44","author":"JWK Ku","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ku JWK, Gan YH. New roles for glutathione: Modulators of bacterial virulence and pathogenesis. Redox Biol. 2021;44:102012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102012.","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4597_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13010034","volume":"13","author":"L Bleul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bleul L, Francois P, Wolz C. Two-Component Systems of S. aureus: Signaling and Sensing Mechanisms. Genes. 2021;13(1):34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes13010034.","journal-title":"Genes"},{"issue":"4","key":"4597_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12712","volume":"27","author":"DJ Yoon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yoon DJ, Fregoso DR, Nguyen D, Chen V, Strbo N, Fuentes JJ, Tomic-Canic M, Crawford R, Pastar I, Isseroff RR. A tractable, simplified ex vivo human skin model of wound infection. Wound repair regeneration: official publication Wound Healing Soc [and] Eur Tissue Repair Soc. 2019;27(4):421\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/wrr.12712.","journal-title":"Wound repair regeneration: official publication Wound Healing Soc [and] Eur Tissue Repair Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"4597_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.11607\/jomi.7995","volume":"35","author":"L Canullo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Canullo L, Troiano G, Sbricoli L, Guazzo R, Laino L, Caiazzo A, Pesce P. The Use of Antibiotics in Implant Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis on Early Implant Failure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2020;35(3):485\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11607\/jomi.7995.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants"},{"issue":"6","key":"4597_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-014-2310-5","volume":"38","author":"U Dapunt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dapunt U, Giese T, Prior B, Gaida MM, H\u00e4nsch GM. Infectious versus non-infectious loosening of implants: activation of T lymphocytes differentiates between the two entities. Int Orthop. 2014;38(6):1291\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-014-2310-5.","journal-title":"Int Orthop"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nanobiotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04597-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04597-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04597-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T04:04:49Z","timestamp":1786593889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04597-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04597-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-3155"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-3155","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All animal experiments were approved by the ethics committee of Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, which followed the Guidelines for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals from National Institutes of Health. The study didn\u2019t involve human participants, human data or human tissue.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"758"}}