{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:56:18Z","timestamp":1790916978222,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":86,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2024YFF1502600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFF1502600"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nanobiotechnol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-026-04789-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:43:59Z","timestamp":1783525439000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SERSome-based metabolic profiling of aqueous humor for cataract subtyping with molecule-level interpretability"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Ning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yepei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8101-8362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"4789_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30425-3","volume":"9","author":"R Bourne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bourne R, Steinmetz JD, Flaxman S, Briant PS, Taylor HR, Resnikoff S, Casson RJ, Abdoli A, Abu-Gharbieh E, Afshin A, et al. Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Global Health. 2021;9:e130\u201343.","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"4789_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","volume":"9","author":"JD Steinmetz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Steinmetz JD, Bourne RRA, Briant PS, Flaxman SR, Taylor HRB, Jonas JB, Abdoli AA, Abrha WA, Abualhasan A, Abu-Gharbieh EG, et al. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Global Health. 2021;9:e144\u201360.","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"4789_CR3","unstructured":"Blindness. and vision impairment"},{"key":"4789_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.6990","volume":"182","author":"CS Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee CS, Gibbons LE, Lee AY, Yanagihara RT, Blazes MS, Lee ML, et al. Association between cataract extraction and development of dementia. JAMA Intern Med. 2022;182:134\u201341.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"4789_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0326263","volume":"20","author":"L Lin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lin L, Liang Y, Jiang G, Gan Q, Yang T, Liao P, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of cataract: a comprehensive analysis and projections from 1990 to 2021. PLoS One. 1990;20:e0326263.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4789_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)70803-5","volume":"365","author":"PA Asbell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Asbell PA, Dualan I, Mindel J, Brocks D, Ahmad M, Epstein S. Age-related cataract. Lancet. 2005;365:599\u2013609.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4789_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30544-5","volume":"390","author":"Y-C Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu Y-C, Wilkins M, Kim T, Malyugin B, Mehta JS. Cataracts. Lancet. 2017;390:600\u201312.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4789_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13892","volume":"49","author":"MJ Ang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ang MJ, Afshari NA. Cataract and systemic disease: A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021;49:118\u201327.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4789_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.006","volume":"121","author":"RL Gillespie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gillespie RL, O\u2019Sullivan J, Ashworth J, Bhaskar S, Williams S, Biswas S, Kehdi E, Ramsden SC, Clayton-Smith J, Black GC, Lloyd IC. Personalized Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Cataract by Next-Generation Sequencing. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:2124\u2013e21372122.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"4789_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.14","volume":"1","author":"D Lam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lam D, Rao SK, Ratra V, Liu Y, Mitchell P, King J, et al. Cataract. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15014.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"4789_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0575-z","volume":"34","author":"MH Qureshi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qureshi MH, Steel DHW. Retinal detachment following cataract phacoemulsification\u2014a review of the literature. Eye. 2020;34:616\u201331.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"4789_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0630-9","volume":"34","author":"PG Ursell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ursell PG, Dhariwal M, O\u2019Boyle D, Khan J, Venerus A. 5 year incidence of YAG capsulotomy and PCO after cataract surgery with single-piece monofocal intraocular lenses: a real-world evidence study of 20,763 eyes. Eye. 2020;34:960\u20138.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"4789_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1159\/000543353","volume":"68","author":"S Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang S, Xu J. Impact of patient characteristics and surgery-related risk factors on endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: a meta-analysis. Ophthalmic Res. 2025;68:117\u201336.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"4789_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9489450","volume":"2020","author":"W Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen W, He S, Xiang D. Management of aphakia with visual axis opacification after congenital cataract surgery based on UBM image features analysis. J Ophthalmol. 2020;2020:9489450.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4789_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.802275","volume":"8","author":"S Andjelic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andjelic S, Dra\u0161lar K, Hvala A, Hawlina M. Structural characteristics of the lens in presenile cataract. Front Med. 2021;8:802275.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"4789_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202303161","volume":"11","author":"Y Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shi Y, Chen J, Cai L, Zhang X, Chen Z, Yang J, et al. Uncovering the hidden world of aqueous humor proteins for discovery of biomarkers for Marfan syndrome. Adv Sci. 2024;11:2303161.","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"4789_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-019-1495-4","volume":"15","author":"VV Yanshole","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yanshole VV, Yanshole LV, Snytnikova OA, Tsentalovich YP. Quantitative metabolomic analysis of changes in the lens and aqueous humor under development of age-related nuclear cataract. Metabolomics. 2019;15:29.","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"4789_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201700411","volume":"39","author":"K Pietrowska","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pietrowska K, Dmuchowska DA, Krasnicki P, Bujalska A, Samczuk P, Parfieniuk E, et al. An exploratory LC-MS-based metabolomics study reveals differences in aqueous humor composition between diabetic and non-diabetic patients with cataract. Electrophoresis. 2018;39:1233\u201340.","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"4789_CR19","volume":"9","author":"C Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang C, Miao A, Yang C, Huang C, Chen H, Jiang Y, et al. Precise detection of cataracts with specific high-risk factors by layered binary co-ionizers assisted aqueous humor metabolic analysis. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany). 2022;9:2105905.","journal-title":"Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)"},{"key":"4789_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2021.119520","volume":"252","author":"C He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He C, Wu X, Zhou J, Chen Y, Ye J. Raman optical identification of renal cell carcinoma via machine learning. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2021;252:119520.","journal-title":"Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc"},{"key":"4789_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00083-6","volume":"1","author":"XX Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han XX, Rodriguez RS, Haynes CL, Ozaki Y, Zhao B. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nat Reviews Methods Primers. 2022;1:87.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Methods Primers"},{"key":"4789_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1039\/b708459p","volume":"37","author":"J Kneipp","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kneipp J, Kneipp H, Kneipp K. SERS\u2014a single-molecule and nanoscale tool for bioanalytics. Chem Soc Rev. 2008;37:1052\u201360.","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev"},{"key":"4789_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11222","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cp00872a","volume":"12","author":"J Ye","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ye J, Chen C, Lagae L, Maes G, Borghs G, Dorpe PV. Strong location dependent surface enhanced Raman scattering on individual gold semishell and nanobowl particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2010;12:11222\u20134.","journal-title":"Phys Chem Chem Phys"},{"key":"4789_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7280","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TB01587B","volume":"6","author":"H Su","year":"2018","unstructured":"Su H, Liu T, Huang L, Huang J, Cao J, Yang H, Ye J, Liu J, Qian K. Plasmonic Janus hybrids for the detection of small metabolites. J Mater Chem B. 2018;6:7280\u20137.","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"key":"4789_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101579","volume":"5","author":"X Bi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bi X, Wang J, Xue B, He C, Liu F, Chen H, et al. SERSomes for metabolic phenotyping and prostate cancer diagnosis. Cell Rep Med. 2024;5:101579.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"4789_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-025-01027-5","volume":"7","author":"B Xue","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xue B, Bi X, Dong Z, Xu Y, Liang M, Fang X, et al. Deep spectral component filtering as a foundation model for spectral analysis demonstrated in metabolic profiling. Nat Mach Intell. 2025;7:743\u201357.","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"key":"4789_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7303","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NR05306K","volume":"17","author":"Y Lu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lu Y, Wang J, Bi X, Qian H, Pan J, Ye J. Non-invasive and rapid diagnosis of low-grade bladder cancer via SERSomes of urine. Nanoscale. 2025;17:7303\u201312.","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"4789_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5999","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.4c01873","volume":"9","author":"Y Gu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gu Y, Wang J, Luo Z, Luo X, Lin LL, Ni S, Wang C, Chen H, Su Z, Lu Y, et al. Multiwavelength Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Fingerprints of Human Urine for Cancer Diagnosis. ACS Sens. 2024;9:5999\u20136010.","journal-title":"ACS Sens"},{"key":"4789_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-04109-0","volume":"15","author":"X Bi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bi X, Ma B, Liu W, Gao W-Q, Ye J, Rao H. Transcriptome-aligned metabolic profiling by SERSome reflects biological changes following mesenchymal stem cells expansion. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024;15:467.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"4789_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202406668","volume":"11","author":"F Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu F, Liu J, Luo Y, Wu S, Liu X, Chen H, et al. A single-cell metabolic profiling characterizes human aging via SlipChip-SERS. Adv Sci. 2024;11:2406668.","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"4789_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15484","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b03294","volume":"91","author":"D Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun D, Cao F, Tian Y, Li A, Xu W, Chen Q, et al. Label-free detection of multiplexed metabolites at single-cell level via a SERS-microfluidic droplet platform. Anal Chem. 2019;91:15484\u201390.","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"4789_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2024.1407754","volume":"12","author":"Z Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo Z, Ma M, Lu S, Ma Y, Yu Y, Guo Q. Applications of Raman spectroscopy in ocular biofluid detection. Front Chem. 2024;12:1407754.","journal-title":"Front Chem"},{"key":"4789_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14269","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b03420","volume":"90","author":"D Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang D, Afroosheh S, Lee JO, Cho H, Kumar S, Siddique RH, Narasimhan V, Yoon Y-Z, Zayak AT, Choo H. Glucose Sensing Using Surface-Enhanced Raman-Mode Constraining. Anal Chem. 2018;90:14269\u201378.","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"4789_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.22743","volume":"79","author":"S Woong Moon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Woong Moon S, Kim W, Choi S, Shin J-H. Label-free optical detection of age-related and diabetic oxidative damage in human aqueous humors. Microsc Res Tech. 2016;79:1050\u20135.","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"4789_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5891","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b16130","volume":"9","author":"W Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim W, Lee SH, Kim SH, Lee J-C, Moon SW, Yu JS, et al. Highly reproducible Au-decorated ZnO nanorod array on a graphite sensor for classification of human aqueous humors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017;9:5891\u20139.","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"4789_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3659","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.3c01538","volume":"8","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Y, Chen Y. Review of noninvasive continuous glucose monitoring in diabetics. ACS Sens. 2023;8:3659\u201379.","journal-title":"ACS Sens"},{"key":"4789_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1021\/j100214a025","volume":"86","author":"PC Lee","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lee PC, Meisel D. Adsorption and surface-enhanced Raman of dyes on silver and gold sols. J Phys Chem. 1982;86:3391\u20135.","journal-title":"J Phys Chem"},{"key":"4789_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07218-1","volume":"628","author":"X Bi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bi X, Czajkowsky DM, Shao Z, Ye J. Digital colloid-enhanced Raman spectroscopy by single-molecule counting. Nature. 2024;628:771\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4789_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13998","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SC02553A","volume":"15","author":"X Bi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bi X, He Z, Luo Z, Huang W, Diao X, Ye J. Digital colloid-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the pharmacokinetic detection of bioorthogonal drugs. Chem Sci. 2024;15:13998\u20134008.","journal-title":"Chem Sci"},{"key":"4789_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2025.102528","volume":"11","author":"X Bi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bi X, Qian X, Xue B, Zhang M, Liu S, Chen H, et al. Molecule-resolvable SERSome for metabolic profiling. Chem. 2025;11:102528.","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"4789_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1021\/la001038s","volume":"17","author":"L Rivas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rivas L, Sanchez-Cortes S, Garc\u00eda-Ramos JV, Morcillo G. Growth of silver colloidal particles obtained by citrate reduction to increase the Raman enhancement factor. Langmuir. 2001;17:574\u20137.","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"4789_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.1021\/nn901372t","volume":"4","author":"E Casals","year":"2010","unstructured":"Casals E, Pfaller T, Duschl A, Oostingh GJ, Puntes V. Time Evolution of the Nanoparticle Protein Corona. ACS Nano. 2010;4:3623\u201332.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"4789_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1021\/nn406018q","volume":"8","author":"CD Walkey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Walkey CD, Olsen JB, Song F, Liu R, Guo H, Olsen DWH, Cohen Y, Emili A, Chan WCW. Protein Corona Fingerprinting Predicts the Cellular Interaction of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles. ACS Nano. 2014;8:2439\u201355.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"4789_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50128-z","volume":"15","author":"RJ House","year":"2024","unstructured":"House RJ, Soper-Hopper MT, Vincent MP, Ellis AE, Capan CD, Madaj ZB, et al. A diverse proteome is present and enzymatically active in metabolite extracts. Nat Commun. 2024;15:5796.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4789_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2003.10.029","volume":"1023","author":"L Jiang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jiang L, He L, Fountoulakis M. Comparison of protein precipitation methods for sample preparation prior to proteomic analysis. J Chromatogr A. 2004;1023:317\u201320.","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"4789_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2025.126211","volume":"338","author":"E Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu E, Huang Y, Yuan X, Yang Z. What degree of dilution is needed to reduce matrix effects in SERS: an example of the Cu(OH)2-Ag\/CN-CDots substrate for the detection of malachite green? Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2025;338:126211.","journal-title":"Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc"},{"key":"4789_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2024.342767","volume":"1312","author":"C He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He C, Liu F, Wang J, Bi X, Pan J, Xue W, et al. When surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy meets complex biofluids: a new representation strategy for reliable and comprehensive characterization. Anal Chim Acta. 2024;1312:342767.","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"4789_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1250170311","volume":"17","author":"C Otto","year":"1986","unstructured":"Otto C, van den Tweel TJJ, de Mul FFM, Greve J. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of DNA bases. J Raman Spectrosc. 1986;17:289\u201398.","journal-title":"J Raman Spectrosc"},{"key":"4789_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4711","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00276a005","volume":"108","author":"JS Suh","year":"1986","unstructured":"Suh JS, Moskovits M. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of amino acids and nucleotide bases adsorbed on silver. J Am Chem Soc. 1986;108:4711\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"4789_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.6b10905","volume":"121","author":"F Madzharova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Madzharova F, Heiner Z, Kneipp J. Surface enhanced hyper-Raman scattering of the amino acids tryptophan, histidine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. J Phys Chem C. 2017;121:1235\u201342.","journal-title":"J Phys Chem C"},{"key":"4789_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2020.119024","volume":"246","author":"S Fornasaro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fornasaro S, Gurian E, Pagarin S, Genova E, Stocco G, Decorti G, et al. Ergothioneine, a dietary amino acid with a high relevance for the interpretation of label-free surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of many biological samples. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2021;246:119024.","journal-title":"Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc"},{"issue":"9","key":"4789_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2025.102528","volume":"11","author":"X Bi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bi X, Qian X, Xue B, Zhang M, Liu S, Chen H, et al. Molecule-resolvable SERSome for metabolic profiling. Chem. 2025;11:102528.","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"4789_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-019-0510-4","volume":"4","author":"JJS Rickard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rickard JJS, Di-Pietro V, Smith DJ, Davies DJ, Belli A, Oppenheimer PG. Rapid optofluidic detection of biomarkers for traumatic brain injury via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nat Biomed Eng. 2020;4:610\u201323.","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"4789_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors13060213","volume":"13","author":"F Puliga","year":"2025","unstructured":"Puliga F, Zuffi V, Zambonelli A, Mi\u0161kovsk\u00fd P, Francioso O, Sanchez-Cortes S. Analysis of ergothioneine using surface-enhanced Raman scattering: detection in mushrooms. Chemosensors. 2025;13:213.","journal-title":"Chemosensors"},{"key":"4789_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13060693","volume":"13","author":"D-K Leow","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leow D-K, Cheah I-M, Chen L, Ng Y-K, Yeo C-J, Halliwell B, et al. Ergothioneine-mediated neuroprotection of human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons. Antioxidants (Basel). 2024;13:693.","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"4789_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2025.109895","volume":"141","author":"T Wen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wen T, Chen W, Wang F, Zhang R, Chen C, Zhang M, et al. The roles and functions of ergothioneine in metabolic diseases. J Nutr Biochem. 2025;141:109895.","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"4789_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1107436","volume":"17","author":"P Wijesinghe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wijesinghe P, Whitmore CA, Campbell M, Li C, Tsuyuki M, To E, et al. Ergothioneine, a dietary antioxidant improves amyloid beta clearance in the neuroretina of a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1107436.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"4789_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.01.024","volume":"37","author":"H-G Sprenger","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sprenger H-G, Mittenb\u00fchler MJ, Sun Y, Van Vranken JG, Schindler S, Jayaraj A, et al. Ergothioneine controls mitochondrial function and exercise performance via direct activation of MPST. Cell Metab. 2025;37:857-869.e859.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"4789_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4555(200005)31:5<427::AID-JRS553>3.0.CO;2-L","volume":"31","author":"J Chowdhury","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chowdhury J, Mukherjee KM, Misra TN. A pH dependent surface-enhanced Raman scattering study of hypoxanthine. J Raman Spectrosc. 2000;31:427\u201331.","journal-title":"J Raman Spectrosc"},{"key":"4789_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13530","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b02174","volume":"3","author":"F Muniz-Miranda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Muniz-Miranda F, Pedone A, Muniz-Miranda M. Raman and Computational Study on the Adsorption of Xanthine on Silver Nanocolloids. ACS Omega. 2018;3:13530\u20137.","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"4789_CR61","first-page":"1","volume":"0","author":"L Tommasin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tommasin L, Carrer A, Nata FB, Frigo E, Fogolari F, Lippe G, Carraro M, Bernardi P. Adenine nucleotide translocator and ATP synthase cooperate in mediating the mitochondrial permeability transition. J Physiol. 2025;0:1\u201317.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"4789_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15754","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c03719","volume":"96","author":"GA Nagana Gowda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nagana Gowda GA, Pascua V, Hill L, Djukovic D, Wang D, Raftery D. Discovery of hypoxanthine and inosine as robust biomarkers for predicting the preanalytical quality of human plasma and serum for metabolomics. Anal Chem. 2024;96:15754\u201364.","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"4789_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO00731J","volume":"16","author":"M Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang M, Zhao Y, Zeng X, Deng Y, Pan L, Wang J, Li W, Hou Y, Yang Y, Wu Z. Hydrolysate of goat milk casein supplementation alleviates hyperuricemia and modulates gut microbiota in C57BL6\/J mice. Food Funct. 2025;16:2991\u20133003.","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"4789_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10110437","volume":"10","author":"HY Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang HY, Wang CH, Ho HY, Lin JF, Lo CJ, Huang CY, et al. Characteristic of metabolic status in heart failure and its impact in outcome perspective. Metabolites. 2020;10:437.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"4789_CR65","first-page":"tfaf035","volume":"14","author":"AP Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li AP, Zhang XX, Zhang QY, Wang MJ, Ju Z, Zhang XY, Qin XM, Liu GZ. Metabolomic profiling of adenine-induced CKD: pathway interconnections and kidney injury. Toxicol Res. 2025;14:tfaf035.","journal-title":"Toxicol Res"},{"key":"4789_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13101249","volume":"13","author":"J Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li J, Buonfiglio F, Zeng Y, Pfeiffer N, Gericke A. Oxidative stress in cataract formation: is there a treatment approach on the horizon? Antioxidants (Basel). 2024;13:1249.","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"4789_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450054021891","volume":"6","author":"SS Chung","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chung SS, Chung SK. Aldose reductase in diabetic microvascular complications. Curr Drug Targets. 2005;6:475\u201386.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"key":"4789_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b04588","volume":"89","author":"C Westley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Westley C, Xu Y, Thilaganathan B, Carnell AJ, Turner NJ, Goodacre R. Absolute quantification of uric acid in human urine using surface enhanced Raman scattering with the standard addition method. Anal Chem. 2017;89:2472\u20137.","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"4789_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6858","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.11.6858","volume":"78","author":"BN Ames","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ames BN, Cathcart R, Schwiers E, Hochstein P. Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant- and radical-caused aging and cancer: a hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981;78:6858\u201362.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"4789_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13835","volume":"48","author":"YJ Qin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qin YJ, Chan SO, Lin HL, Zhang YQ, Chen YL, Niu YY, et al. Elevated level of uric acid in aqueous humour is associated with posterior subcapsular cataract in human lens. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;48:1183\u201391.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4789_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-01900-z","volume":"10","author":"HL Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin HL, Wang S, Sato K, Zhang YQ, He BT, Xu J, et al. Uric acid\u2013driven NLRP3 inflammasome activation triggers lens epithelial cell senescence and cataract formation. Cell Death Discov. 2024;10:126.","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"4789_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.141429","volume":"306","author":"Y Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu Y, Lu H, Fang Z, Lu S. Hesperetin acts as a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor: new evidence from its reactive oxygen suppression and enzyme binding. Int J Biol Macromol. 2025;306:141429.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"4789_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-004-0086-5","volume":"4","author":"S Pradhan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pradhan S, Chung SM. Retinal, ophthalmic, or ocular migraine. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2004;4:391\u20137.","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"4789_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2023.2190529","volume":"45","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Y, Xie D, Li L, Jiang P. Comprehensive analysis of metabolic changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2023;45:2190529.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"4789_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12111077","volume":"12","author":"X She","year":"2022","unstructured":"She X, Zhou Y, Liang Z, Wei J, Xie B, Zhang Y, et al. Metabolomic study of a rat model of retinal detachment. Metabolites. 2022;12:1077.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"4789_CR76","first-page":"9","volume":"24","author":"J Rice","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rice J. Cataract and diabetic retinopathy. Community Eye Health. 2011;24:9.","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"4789_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.02.002","volume":"4","author":"PG Hovland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hovland PG. Diabetic retinopathy severity and cataract surgery: when less is more. Ophthalmol Retina. 2020;4:349\u201350.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"4789_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12968","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63340-0","volume":"14","author":"D Rivera-De-la-Parra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rivera-De-la-Parra D, Hern\u00e1ndez-Jim\u00e9nez S, Almeda-Vald\u00e9s P, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Graue-Hern\u00e1ndez EO, P\u00e9rez-Peralta L, Jim\u00e9nez-Corona A, Rivera-De-la-Parra D, Hern\u00e1ndez-Jim\u00e9nez S, Arcila-Mart\u00ednez D, et al. Association between uric acid and referable diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep. 2024;14:12968.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4789_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-1-10","volume":"1","author":"MR Hayden","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hayden MR, Tyagi SC. Uric acid: A new look at an old risk marker for cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The urate redox shuttle. Nutr Metabolism. 2004;1:10.","journal-title":"Nutr Metabolism"},{"key":"4789_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/651050","volume":"2014","author":"J Xia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xia J, Wang Z, Zhang F. Association between related purine metabolites and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:651050.","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"4789_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-025-06192-5","volume":"417","author":"R Gobbato","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gobbato R, Fornasaro S, Sergo V, Bonifacio A. Adsorption of serum components on Ag colloids: on the biochemical interpretation of surface-enhanced Raman spectra of human serum. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2025;417:6823\u201336.","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nanobiotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04789-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04789-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04789-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:50:33Z","timestamp":1790916633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04789-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4789"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04789-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-3155"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-3155","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol has been approved by the ethics committee of the Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University (approval number: 2024215). Consent documents were obtained from all participants prior to the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"921"}}