{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T20:31:08Z","timestamp":1760646668318,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]],"date-time":"2017-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]],"date-time":"2017-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 DA029910"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA029910"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA033679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA033679"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25TW009338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25TW009338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Harm Reduct J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0168-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]],"date-time":"2017-07-10T12:44:18Z","timestamp":1499690658000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A qualitative assessment of an abstinence-oriented therapeutic community for prisoners with substance use disorders in Kyrgyzstan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lyuba","family":"Azbel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Rozanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Michels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederick L.","family":"Altice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heino","family":"St\u00f6ver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10050","key":"168_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30856-X","volume":"388","author":"FL Altice","year":"2016","unstructured":"Altice FL, Azbel L, Stone J, Brooks-Pollock E, Smyrnov P, Dvoriak S, Vickerman P. The perfect storm: incarceration and the high-risk environment perpetuating transmission of HIV, hepatitis C virus, and tuberculosis in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Lancet. 2016;388(10050):1228\u201348. doi:\n                    10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30856-X\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"168_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.020","volume":"132","author":"N El-Bassel","year":"2013","unstructured":"El-Bassel N, Strathdee SA, El Sadr WM. HIV and people who use drugs in central Asia: confronting the perfect storm. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;132 Suppl 1:S2\u20136. doi:\n                    10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.020\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azbel L, Polonsky M, Wegman MP, Shumskaya N, Kurmanalieva A, Asanov A, Wickersham JA, Dvoriak S, Altice FL. Intersecting epidemics of HIV, HCV, and syphilis among soon-to-be released prisoners in Kyrgyzstan: implications for prevention and treatment. Int J Drug Policy. 2016;37:9\u201320.","key":"168_CR3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.06.007"},{"issue":"9769","key":"168_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61053-7","volume":"377","author":"S Fazel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fazel S, Baillargeon J. The health of prisoners. Lancet. 2011;377(9769):956\u201365. doi:\n                    10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61053-7\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"168_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.055053","volume":"95","author":"ZG Restum","year":"2005","unstructured":"Restum ZG. Public health implications of substandard correctional health care. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(10):1689\u201391. doi:\n                    10.2105\/AJPH.2004.055053\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"unstructured":"WHO\/UNODC\/UNAIDS. Effectiveness of interventions to address HIV in prisons. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.","key":"168_CR6"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolan K, Rutter S, Wodak AD. Prison-based syringe exchange programmes: a review of international research and development. Addiction. 2003;98(2):153\u20138.\u00a0","key":"168_CR7","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00309.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"168_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70305-0","volume":"9","author":"R Jurgens","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jurgens R, Ball A, Verster A. Interventions to reduce HIV transmission related to injecting drug use in prison. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(1):57\u201366. doi:\n                    10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70305-0\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"168_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1375-0","author":"M Polonsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Polonsky M, Rozanova J, Azbel L, Bachireddy C, Izenberg J, Kiriazova T, Altice FL. Attitudes toward addiction, methadone treatment, and recovery among HIV-infected Ukrainian prisoners who inject drugs: incarceration effects and exploration of mediators. AIDS Behav. 2016. doi:\n                    10.1007\/s10461-016-1375-0\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"9738","key":"168_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60829-X","volume":"376","author":"FL Altice","year":"2010","unstructured":"Altice FL, Kamarulzaman A, Soriano VV, Schechter M, Friedland GH. Treatment of medical, psychiatric, and substance-use comorbidities in people infected with HIV who use drugs. Lancet. 2010;376(9738):59\u201379. doi:\n                    10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60829-X\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marsden, J., Stillwell, G., Jones, H., Cooper, A., Eastwood, B., Farrell, M.,\u2026Hickman, M. (2017). Does exposure to opioid substitution treatment in prison reduce the risk of death after release? A national prospective observational study in England. Addiction. doi:\n                    10.1111\/add.13779","key":"168_CR11","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13779"},{"key":"168_CR12","volume-title":"Illicit drug treatment in prison: detoxification, drug-free units, therapeutic communities and opioid substitution treatment","author":"S Larney","year":"2007","unstructured":"Larney S, Mathers B, Dolan KA. Illicit drug treatment in prison: detoxification, drug-free units, therapeutic communities and opioid substitution treatment. Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales; 2007."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemes S, Wish ED, Messina N. Comparing the impact of standard and abbreviated treatment in a therapeutic community. Findings from the district of Columbia treatment initiative experiment. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1999;17(4):339\u201347.","key":"168_CR13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(99)00009-4"},{"issue":"6","key":"168_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7059","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120607059","volume":"12","author":"A Galassi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Galassi A, Mpofu E, Athanasou J. Therapeutic community treatment of an inmate population with substance use disorders: post-release trends in re-arrest, re-incarceration, and drug misuse relapse. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(6):7059\u201372. doi:\n                    10.3390\/ijerph120607059\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wegman MP, Altice FL, Kaur S, Rajandaran V, Osornprasop S, Wilson D, Wilson DP, Kamarulzaman A. Relapse to opioid use in opioid-dependent individuals released from compulsory drug detention centres compared with those from voluntary methadone treatment centres in Malaysia: a two-arm, prospective observational study. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5:e198\u2013e207.","key":"168_CR15","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30303-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"168_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czt092","volume":"30","author":"S Ancker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ancker S, Rechel B. HIV\/AIDS policy-making in Kyrgyzstan: a stakeholder analysis. Health Policy Plan. 2015;30(1):8\u201318. doi:\n                    10.1093\/heapol\/czt092\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"168_CR17","volume-title":"World prison brief","author":"International Centre for Prison Studies","year":"2016","unstructured":"International Centre for Prison Studies. World prison brief. 2016. Retrieved from \n                    http:\/\/www.prisonstudies.org\/country\/kyrgyzstan\n                    \n                  ."},{"unstructured":"Office of Drug Policy Minnesota Department of Public Safety. Minnesota\u2019s statewide strategy for drug and violent crime control. Minnesota: DIANE Publishing Company; 1991.","key":"168_CR18"},{"issue":"4","key":"168_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2006.00684.x","volume":"42","author":"EH Bradley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bradley EH, Curry LA, Devers KJ. Qualitative data analysis for health services research: developing taxonomy, themes, and theory. Health Serv Res. 2007;42(4):1758\u201372. doi:\n                    10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2006.00684.x\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"18","key":"168_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2006.18.supp.74","volume":"74","author":"CW Thomas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thomas CW, Smith BD, Wright-DeAguero L. The program evaluation and monitoring system: a key source of data for monitoring evidence-based HIV prevention program processes and outcomes. AIDS Educ Prev. 2006;74(18):74\u201380. doi:\n                    10.1521\/aeap.2006\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"168_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000331007","volume":"18","author":"M Malivert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Malivert M, Fatseas M, Denis C, Langlois E, Auriacombe M. Effectiveness of therapeutic communities: a systematic review. Eur Addict Res. 2012;18(1):1\u201311. doi:\n                    10.1159\/000331007\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"168_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427817","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/427817","volume":"2013","author":"W Vanderplasschen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vanderplasschen W, Colpaert K, Autrique M, Rapp RC, Pearce S, Broekaert E, Vandevelde S. Therapeutic communities for addictions: a review of their effectiveness from a recovery-oriented perspective. ScientificWorldJournal. 2013;2013:427817. doi:\n                    10.1155\/2013\/427817\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulhall A. In the field: notes on observation in qualitative research. J Adv Nurs. 2003;41(3):306\u201313.","key":"168_CR23","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2003.02514.x"},{"key":"168_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137403889","volume-title":"The Palgrave Handbook of Prison Ethnography","author":"D Drake","year":"2015","unstructured":"Drake, D., Earle, R., & Sloan, J. (2015). The Palgrave Handbook of Prison Ethnography. Palgrave McMillan UK."},{"unstructured":"Rowe, A. (2015). Situating the Self in Prison Research: Power, Identity and Epistemology. Pp. 347-370 in D. Drake, R. Earle, R., & J. Sloan (2015). The Palgrave Handbook of Prison Ethnography. Palgrave McMillan UK..","key":"168_CR25"},{"unstructured":"Crewe, B. (2015). Closeness, distance and honesty in prison ethnography. Pp. 124\u2013142 in D. Drake, R. Earle, R., & J. Sloan (2015). The Palgrave Handbook of Prison Ethnography. Palgrave McMillan UK.","key":"168_CR26"},{"unstructured":"Dodes L, Dodes Z. The sober truth: debunking the bad science behind 12-step programs and the rehab industry. Boston: Beacon; 2015.","key":"168_CR27"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ferri M, Amato L, Davoli M. Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programmes for alcohol dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3:CD005032. doi:\n                    10.1002\/14651858.CD005032\n                    \n                  .","key":"168_CR28","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005032"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Inciardi JA, MartIn SS, ButzIn CA. Five-year outcomes of therapeutic community treatment of drug-involved offenders after release from prison. Crime & Delinquency. 2004;50(88):88\u2013107. doi:\n                    10.1177\/0011128703258874\n                    \n                  .","key":"168_CR29","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128703258874"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin S, Butzin CA, Saum C, Inciardi JA. Three-year outcomes of therapeutic community treatment for drug-involved offenders in Delaware: from prison to work release to aftercare. Prison J. 1999;79(3):294\u2013320.","key":"168_CR30","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885599079003002"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen AL, Scarpitti FR, Inciardi JA. Integrating the therapeutic community and work release for drug-involved offenders. The CREST program. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1996;13(4):349\u201358.","key":"168_CR31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(96)00112-2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u00f6ver H, Hariga H. Prison-based needle and syringe programmes (PNSP)\u2014still highly controversial after all these years. Drugs Education, Prevention and Policy. 2016;23(2):103\u201312.","key":"168_CR32","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2016.1148117"},{"unstructured":"The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. (2016). Measuring Recovery from Substance Use or Mental Disorders: Workshop Summary. In K. Marton, Rapporteur (Ed.). Washington, DC.","key":"168_CR33"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V). Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing, Incorporated; 2013.","key":"168_CR34","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Farquhar SA, Parker EA, Schulz AJ, Israel BA. Application of qualitative methods in program planning for health promotion interventions. Health Promot Pract. 2006;7(2):234\u201342. doi:\n                    10.1177\/1524839905278915\n                    \n                  .","key":"168_CR35","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839905278915"}],"container-title":["Harm Reduction Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-017-0168-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12954-017-0168-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-017-0168-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T11:03:47Z","timestamp":1589540627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12954-017-0168-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-017-0168-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-7517"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1477-7517"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 May 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"As the study purpose was quality improvement of healthcare services in Kyrgyz prisons, it was exempt from Yale IRB and was conducted on request and under permission from the Kyrgyz prisons department.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"43"}}