{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:43:18Z","timestamp":1790642598771,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624752000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Canada Substance Use and Addictions Program grant","award":["1718-HQ-000024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1718-HQ-000024"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000245","name":"Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005247","name":"University of British Columbia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chairs program through a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Inner City Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Harm Reduct J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Drug checking is a harm reduction intervention aiming to reduce substance use-related risks by improving drug user knowledge of the composition of unregulated drugs. With increasing fears of fentanyl adulteration in unregulated drugs, this study sought to examine whether the expected type of drug checked (stimulant vs. opioid) was associated with timing of drug checking service utilization (pre-consumption vs. post-consumption).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Data were derived from drug checking sites in British Columbia between October 31, 2017 and December 31, 2019. Pearson\u2019s Chi-square test was used to examine the relationship between expected sample type (stimulant vs. opioid) and timing of service utilization. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated to assess the strength of this relationship. The Mantel\u2013Haenszel (MH) test was used to adjust for service location.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of  3561 unique stimulant and opioid samples were eligible for inclusion, including 691 (19.40%) stimulant samples; and 2222 (62.40%) samples that were tested pre-consumption. Results indicated a positive association between testing stimulant samples and testing pre-consumption (OR\u2009=\u20091.45; 95% CI 1.21\u20131.73). Regions outside of the epicenter of the province\u2019s drug scene showed a stronger association with testing pre-consumption (OR<jats:sub>MH<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20092.33; 95% CI 1.51\u20133.56) than inside the epicenter (OR<jats:sub>MH<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20091.33; 95% CI 1.09\u20131.63).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Stimulant samples were more likely to be checked pre-consumption as compared with opioid samples, and stimulant samples were more likely to be tested pre-consumption in regions outside the epicenter of the province\u2019s drug scene. This pattern may reflect a concern for fentanyl-adulterated stimulant drugs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00514-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T14:02:33Z","timestamp":1624802553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Is expected substance type associated with timing of drug checking service utilization?: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Tara","family":"Beaulieu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Tobias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Lysyshyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2470-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianping","family":"Ti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"190","key":"514_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.020","volume":"1","author":"KW Tupper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tupper KW, McCrae K, Garber I, Lysyshyn M, Wood E. Initial results of a drug checking pilot program to detect fentanyl adulteration in a Canadian setting. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;1(190):242\u20135.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"514_CR2","unstructured":"Drug Checking [Internet]. BCCSU. [cited 2019 Jan 17]. https:\/\/www.bccsu.ca\/drug-checking\/."},{"key":"514_CR3","unstructured":"Abuse NI on D. Fentanyl [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 16]. https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/publications\/drugfacts\/fentanyl."},{"key":"514_CR4","unstructured":"Recent Increases in Cocaine-Related Overdose Deaths and the Role of Opioids [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 25]. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5296707\/."},{"key":"514_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.08.007","volume":"63","author":"NC Peiper","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peiper NC, Clarke SD, Vincent LB, Ciccarone D, Kral AH, Zibbell JE. Fentanyl test strips as an opioid overdose prevention strategy: findings from a syringe services program in the Southeastern United States. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;63:122\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"514_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karamouzian M, Dohoo C, Forsting S, McNeil R, Kerr T, Lysyshyn M. Evaluation of a fentanyl drug checking service for clients of a supervised injection facility, Vancouver, Canada. Harm Reduct J [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2019 Mar 14];15. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6131768\/.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0252-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"514_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13004","volume":"39","author":"K McCrae","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCrae K, Tobias S, Grant C, Lysyshyn M, Laing R, Wood E, et al. Assessing the limit of detection of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and immunoassay strips for fentanyl in a real-world setting. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2020;39(1):98\u2013102.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"514_CR8","volume-title":"A thousand dreams: Vancouver\u2019s downtown eastside and the fight for its future","author":"L Campbell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Campbell L, Boyd N, Culbert L. A thousand dreams: Vancouver\u2019s downtown eastside and the fight for its future. Greystone Books; 2009."},{"key":"514_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.035","volume":"198","author":"G Bardwell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bardwell G, Boyd J, Arredondo J, McNeil R, Kerr T. Trusting the source: the potential role of drug dealers in reducing drug-related harms via drug checking. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;198:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"514_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.06.018","volume":"71","author":"G Bardwell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bardwell G, Boyd J, Tupper KW, Kerr T. \u201cWe don\u2019t got that kind of time, man. We\u2019re trying to get high!\u201d: Exploring potential use of drug checking technologies among structurally vulnerable people who use drugs. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;71:125\u201332.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"}],"container-title":["Harm Reduction Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00514-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00514-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00514-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T14:04:57Z","timestamp":1624802697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00514-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00514-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-7517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Providence Health Care\/University of British Columbia research ethics board granted approval for this study as part of a larger point-of-care drug checking program evaluation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Dr. Wood is a consultant to Numinus Wellness a mental health company exploring the use of psychedelic medicines.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"66"}}