{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:39:54Z","timestamp":1785861594808,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Harm Reduct J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Heroin and cocaine are among the most dangerous illicit drugs available and their presence on the market is increasing. These facts have led to the investigation of the quality of heroin and cocaine samples seized in Luxembourg by police and customs but also collected at the national supervised drug consumption facilities.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Samples obtained from 2019 to 2020 were analyzed to determine their composition and content using GC\u2013MS, HPLC-UV and LC-Q-ToF. The statistical evaluation of concentration changes depending on the source of collection is based on an ANOVA single factor test and a two-tailed <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> test.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Results showed important differences between seizure and collection sources. For both drugs, customs samples had significantly higher concentrations than police samples and the latter had significantly higher concentrations than samples from drug consumption facilities, whereas for heroin two cutting steps were identified, for cocaine samples only one appears to occur on the local market. Indeed, cocaine samples seized by police consisted of a mixture of low and high concentration samples.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results show that extensive adulteration with pharmacological active and inactive compounds takes place at local levels, which, however, are different for heroin and cocaine. This knowledge on variability of quality of drugs should be considered in the elaboration of drug and harm prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00544-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T09:02:48Z","timestamp":1631782968000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Investigation on heroin and cocaine quality in Luxembourg"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0557-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ad\u00e8le","family":"Bourmaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Dahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Meys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Gengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Origer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"544_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115581980","volume":"29","author":"J Van Amsterdam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van Amsterdam J, Nutt D, Phillips L, van den Brink W. European rating of drug harms. J Psychopharmacol. 2015;29(6):655\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881115581980.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"544_CR2","unstructured":"European monitoring centre for drugs and drug addiction. European drug report 2020: trends and developments. Publications office of the European Union. 2020. https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/system\/files\/publications\/13236\/TDAT20001ENN_web.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2021."},{"key":"544_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.07.025","volume":"73","author":"M Morelato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morelato M, Franscella D, Esseiva P, Bros\u00e9us J. When does the cutting of cocaine and heroin occur? The first large-scale study based on the chemical analysis of cocaine and heroin seizures in Switzerland. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;73:7\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.07.025.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"544_CR4","unstructured":"Berndt N, Seixas R, Origer A. The Drug Phenomenon in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg: Trends and Developments. National Drug Report 2019. Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9, Direction de la sant\u00e9, Service \u00e9pid\u00e9miologie & statistiques Point Focal Luxembourgeois de l\u2019OEDT. https:\/\/gouvernement.lu\/dam-assets\/documents\/actualites\/2020\/02-fevrier\/RELIS-Rapport-2019-ENG.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2021."},{"key":"544_CR5","unstructured":"European monitoring centre for drugs and drug addiction. Drug-related deaths and mortality in Europe: update from the EMCDDA expert network. Publications office of the European Union. 2019. https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/system\/files\/publications\/11485\/20193286_TD0319444ENN_PDF.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2021."},{"key":"544_CR6","unstructured":"UNODC. Guidelines on representative drug sampling. United Nations publication. 2009. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/scientific\/Drug_Sampling.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2021."},{"key":"544_CR7","unstructured":"Scientific working group for the analysis of seized drugs. Recommendations. 2016. https:\/\/swgdrug.org\/Documents\/SWGDRUG%20Recommendations%20Version%207-1.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2021."},{"key":"544_CR8","volume-title":"Mass spectral and GC data of drugs, poisons, pesticides, pollutants and their metabolites","author":"HH Maurer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maurer HH, Pfleger K, Weber AA. Mass spectral and GC data of drugs, poisons, pesticides, pollutants and their metabolites. 5th ed. New York: Wiley; 2016.","edition":"5"},{"key":"544_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00457-1","volume":"18","author":"G Dahm","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dahm G, Allar C, Schaaf R, Bourmaud A, Schneider S. Cooking heroin the Turkish way: chemical investigation on an unusual heroin preparation method. Harm Reduct J. 2021;18:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-020-00457-1.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"544_CR10","unstructured":"Allard C. Personal communication. Abrigado."},{"key":"544_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2174\/1874402800902010016","volume":"2","author":"MF Andreasen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Andreasen MF, Lindholst C, Kaa E. Adulterants and diluents in heroin, amphetamine, and cocaine found on the illicit drug market in Aarhus, Denmark. Open Forensic Sci J. 2009;2:16\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874402800902010016.","journal-title":"Open Forensic Sci J"}],"container-title":["Harm Reduction Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00544-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00544-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00544-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T09:14:23Z","timestamp":1631783663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00544-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["544"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00544-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-7517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"97"}}