{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T00:37:06Z","timestamp":1792888626411,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Harm Reduct J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with substance use disorder often encounter law enforcement due to drug use-related criminal activity. Traditional policing approaches may not be effective for reducing recidivism and improving outcomes in this population. Here, we describe the impact of traditional policing approach to drug use-related crime on future recidivism, incarceration, and overdoses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using a local Police Department (PD) database, we identified individuals with a police contact with probable cause to arrest for a drug use-related crime (\u201cindex contact\u201d), including for an opioid-related overdose, between September 1, 2015, and August 31, 2016 (Group 1,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200952). Data on police contacts, arrests, and incarceration 12\u00a0months before and after the index contact were extracted and compared using Fisher\u2019s exact or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. County-level data on fatal overdoses and estimates of time spent by PD officers in index contact-related responses were also collected. To determine whether crime-related outcomes changed over time, we identified a second group (Group 2,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009263) whose index contact occurred between September 1, 2017, and August 31, 2020, and extracted data on police contacts, arrests, and incarceration during the 12\u00a0months prior to their index contact. Pre-index contact data between Groups 1 and 2 were compared with Fisher\u2019s exact or Mann\u2013Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Comparison of data during 12\u00a0months before and 12\u00a0months after the index contact showed Group 1 increased their total number of overdose-related police contacts (6 versus 18;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.024), incarceration rate (51.9% versus 84.6%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), and average incarceration duration per person (16.2 [SD\u2009=\u200938.6] to 50\u00a0days [SD\u2009=\u200972];\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In the six years following the index contact, 9.6% sustained a fatal opioid-related overdose. For Group 1, an average of 4.7 officers were involved, devoting an average total of 7.2\u00a0h per index contact. Comparison of pre-index contact data between Groups 1 and 2 showed similar rates of overdose-related police contacts and arrests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results indicated that the traditional policing approach to drug use-related crime did not reduce arrests or incarceration and was associated with a risk of future overdose fatalities. Alternative law enforcement-led strategies, e.g., pre-arrest diversion-to-treatment programs, are urgently needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-022-00652-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T16:03:00Z","timestamp":1656345780000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The relationship between police contacts for drug use-related crime and future arrests, incarceration, and overdoses: a retrospective observational study highlighting the need to break the vicious cycle"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Balles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Nyland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thao H.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica M.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra E.","family":"Zgierska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"652_CR1","unstructured":"HHS. 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JEN\u2019s research is supported by the Department of Defense, Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program. Retired Captain JAB serves as a consultant for the development and implementation of pre-arrest diversion programs. The other authors report no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"67"}}