{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:22:49Z","timestamp":1772166169877,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Health","award":["2520AUK701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2520AUK701"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Health","award":["2520AUK701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2520AUK701"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023448","name":"Robert Koch-Institut","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023448","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Harm Reduct J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To reach the global elimination goals of viral hepatitis B and C (HBC, HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections as a public health threat by 2030, monitoring is needed. Staff members of drug services and opioid substitution treatment (OST) practices in Berlin and Bavaria recruited clients for a pilot study addressing the respective infections among people who injected drugs (PWID) in Germany, 2021\/2022. Participants filled a questionnaire and were tested for HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis using dried blood spots (DBS). We evaluated the study design to implement a feasible and accepted nationwide periodical monitoring among PWID and serve as an example for the implementation of similar monitoring systems in other countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A mixed-methods design was used, including focus group discussions with study participants and staff members and a semi-quantitative questionnaire filled by the latter. Aspects covered were the setting for recruitment, study preparation for staff members, willingness of clients to participate, the study questionnaire, blood collection and return of results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The majority (96%) of 668 study participants were recruited in low-threshold services, drug consumption rooms and OST-practices. Flexibility of recruiting study participants during routine work or testing weeks\/days was important to the facilities. Collaborations with local AIDS services helped cope with the work load of data collection. The need to train staff for DBS collection was highlighted. Study participants welcomed the testing opportunity in familiar places. Study participants frequently needed assistance to complete the study questionnaire. Return of results was considered as ethically mandatory by staff members but referral to treatment remained challenging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For a successful monitoring time flexibility and adequate training are essential. Individual benefits for study participants by receiving their test results should be ensured and referral networks with infectiology practices may increase number of infected PWID receiving treatment. Overall, the evaluation confirmed that a monitoring through drug services and OST-practices is feasible and well accepted in Germany. Beyond that it shows important lessons learnt for the implementation in other countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-00977-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T04:45:07Z","timestamp":1710391507000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Acceptance and feasibility of a low-threshold and substitution services-based periodical monitoring system for blood-borne and sexually\u00a0transmitted infections among people who inject drugs in Germany: a mixed-methods analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Amrei","family":"Krings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyde","family":"Steffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the DRUCK 2.0-study group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"977_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis 2016\u20132021. Towards ending viral hepatitis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016."},{"key":"977_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV, viral hepatitis and STI prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022."},{"issue":"6","key":"977_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30085-8","volume":"4","author":"A Trickey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trickey A, Fraser H, Lim AG, Peacock A, Colledge S, Walker JG, et al. The contribution of injection drug use to hepatitis C virus transmission globally, regionally, and at country level: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;4(6):435\u201344.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"977_CR4","unstructured":"Steffen G, Behnke A, Dudareva S, Hommes F, Krings A, Kollan C, et al. Virushepatitis C im Jahr 2021. EpiBull. 2022;38\/2022:19."},{"issue":"1","key":"977_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-2988-x","volume":"18","author":"AM Falla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Falla AM, Hofstraat SHI, Duffell E, Hahn\u00e9 SJM, Tavoschi L, Veldhuijzen IK. Hepatitis B\/C in the countries of the EU\/EEA: a systematic review of the prevalence among at-risk groups. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):79.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"977_CR6","unstructured":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit, Bundesministerium f\u00fcr wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung. Strategie zur Eind\u00e4mmung von HIV, Hepatitis B und C und anderen sexuell \u00fcbertragbaren Infektionen. Bis 2030 - Bedarfsorientiert \u00b7 Integriert \u00b7 Sektor\u00fcbergreifend: Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit; 2016. Available from: https:\/\/www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de\/themen\/praevention\/gesundheitsgefahren\/hiv-hepatitis-und-sti\/bis-2030.html, http:\/\/www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de\/fileadmin\/Dateien\/5_Publikationen\/Praevention\/Broschueren\/Strategie_BIS_2030_HIV_HEP_STI.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"977_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30462-0","volume":"8","author":"LA Hines","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hines LA, Trickey A, Leung J, Larney S, Peacock A, Degenhardt L, et al. Associations between national development indicators and the age profile of people who inject drugs: results from a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(1):e76\u201391.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"977_CR8","unstructured":"Deutsche AIDS Hilfe e.V., Drogenkonsumr\u00e4ume. Standorte und Informationen zu Konsumr\u00e4umen in Deutschland: Deutsche AIDS Hilfe e.V.; 2023. 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High variability of HIV and HCV seroprevalence and risk behaviours among people who inject drugs: results from a cross-sectional study using respondent-driven sampling in eight German cities (2011\u201314). BMC Public Health. 2016;16:1\u201314.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"977_CR12","unstructured":"Deutsche AIDS-Hilfe. Empfehlungen f\u00fcr die Vergabe von Drogenkonsumutensilien Berlin: Deutsche AIDS-Hilfe e.V.; 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.aidshilfe.de\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/empfehlung_konsumutensilien_final.pdf"},{"key":"977_CR13","unstructured":"Deutsche AIDS-Hilfe EV, Institut f\u00fcr Suchtforschung. SMOKE-IT! - Unterst\u00fctzung zur Ver\u00e4nderung der Drogenapplikationsform (von intraven\u00f6s zu inhalativ) mittels neuartiger Pr\u00e4ventionstools sowie medialer und personaler Interventionen. Frankfurt am Main: Fachhochschule Franfurt am Main; 2010."},{"key":"977_CR14","unstructured":"Gerlich M, Dichtl A, Graf N, Abschlussbericht zum Modellprojekt HIV? Hepatitis? Das CHECK ich! K\u00f6ln: Bundeszentrale f\u00fcr gesundheitliche Aufkl\u00e4rung, BZgA 2020 Juli 2020."},{"key":"977_CR15","unstructured":"Mayring P, Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. Grundlagen und Techniken. 13. \u00fcberarbeitete Auflage ed. Weinheim und Basel: Beltz; 2015 20.07.2022"},{"key":"977_CR16","unstructured":"Public Health England. Unlinked Anonymous Monitoring (UAM) Survey of HIV and viral hepatitis among PWID: 2022 report. London; 2022 August 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"977_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00806-w","volume":"20","author":"E Kagstrom","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kagstrom E, Lannergard A, El Khosht J, Lorelius P, Manflod J, Stromdahl S. Prevalence, risk factors, treatment uptake and treatment outcome of hepatitis C virus in people who inject drugs at the needle and syringe program in Uppsala, Sweden. Harm Reduct J. 2023;20(1):77.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"5","key":"977_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16113","volume":"118","author":"J Iversen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Iversen J, Wand H, McManus H, Dore GJ, Maher L. Incidence of primary hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs in Australia pre- and post-unrestricted availability of direct acting antiviral therapies. Addiction. 2023;118(5):901\u201311.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"977_CR19","first-page":"7","volume":"42","author":"A Krings","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krings A, Steffen G, Germershausen C, Zimmermann R. Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Krise auf Pr\u00e4ventionsangebote zu durch Blut und sexuell \u00fcbertragenen Infektionen bei Drogengebrauchenden. 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Health Advisor Projekt M\u00fcnchen. 28.02.2023: condrobs e.V.; 2023."}],"container-title":["Harm Reduction Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-024-00977-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12954-024-00977-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-024-00977-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T04:52:28Z","timestamp":1710391948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12954-024-00977-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["977"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-024-00977-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3534804\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1477-7517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for the DRUCK 2.0 study, including the evaluation, was provided by the Medical Chamber Berlin (ETH-51\/10). Study participants provided their written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"AK: none. GS: none. RZ: none. Study group: Condrobs, employer of Olaf Ostermann, cooperates with abbvie and gilead. No conflict of interest declared by the other study group members.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"62"}}