{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T07:05:41Z","timestamp":1793775941392,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725062400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Harm Reduct J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01071-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1725075838000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Reframing Dutch drug policies: a new era for harm reduction"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Machteld","family":"Busz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Schiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ancella","family":"Voets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Pomfret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"1071_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12508-020-00248-w","volume":"98","author":"A De Gee","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Gee A, Van Der Gouwe D. Veertig jaar harm reduction in Nederland: geen schaamte, maar trots! TSG Tijdschr Gezondheidswet. 2020;98:59\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12508-020-00248-w.","journal-title":"TSG Tijdschr Gezondheidswet"},{"key":"1071_CR2","volume-title":"Coffee shops and compromise: separated illicit drug markets in the Netherlands","author":"JP Grund","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grund JP, Breeksema J. Coffee shops and compromise: separated illicit drug markets in the Netherlands. New York: Open Society Foundations; 2013."},{"issue":"2","key":"1071_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2006.12.012","volume":"18","author":"GV Stimson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stimson GV. Harm reduction\u2014coming of age: a local movement with global impact. Int J Drug Policy. 2007;18(2):67\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1071_CR4","unstructured":"De Medisch-sociale Dienst Hero\u00efne Gebruikers (MDHG). https:\/\/www.mdhg.nl. Accessed 24 June 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR5","unstructured":"Drugsgebruikers organiseren zich \u2013 MDHG en Junkiebond. Canon Cli\u00ebntenbeweging GGZ Nederland. https:\/\/www.canonsociaalwerk.eu\/nl_cbg\/details.php?cps=7&canon_id=520. Accessed 24 June 2024."},{"issue":"10","key":"1071_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01598.x","volume":"85","author":"EC Buning","year":"1990","unstructured":"Buning EC, Van Brussel GHA, Van Santen G. The \u2018methadone by bus\u2019 project in Amsterdam. Br J Addict. 1990;85(10):1247\u201350.","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"1071_CR7","unstructured":"Plukker A. Ons Amsterdam. 2019. Het HUK, \u2018Spuithol in de Spuitstraat\u2019. https:\/\/onsamsterdam.nl\/artikelen\/het-huk-spuithol-in-de-spuitstraat. Accessed 24 June 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR8","unstructured":"Blok G. \u2018Waiting for the next one\u2019. The history of methadone maintenance in Amsterdam [English translation]. In: Achter de voordeur: sociale psychiatrie vanuit de GGD Amsterdam in de twintigste eeuw. Amsterdam. Amsterdam University Press. 2014. http:\/\/narcotic-archive.org\/s\/archive\/item\/2685. Accessed 24 June 2024."},{"issue":"2","key":"1071_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1086\/SHAD22020243","volume":"22","author":"G Blok","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blok G. Pampering, \u201cneedle freaks\u201d or caring for chronic addicts? Early debates on harm reduction in Amsterdam, 1972\u201382. Soc Hist Alcohol Drugs. 2008;22(2):243\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/SHAD22020243.","journal-title":"Soc Hist Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"1071_CR10","volume-title":"De sociale beweging van opiatengebruikers in Nederland","author":"WM de Jong","year":"1986","unstructured":"de Jong WM. De sociale beweging van opiatengebruikers in Nederland. Doctoraalscriptie sociologie: Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam; 1986."},{"issue":"3","key":"1071_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008647430255","volume":"6","author":"JJM van Dijk","year":"1998","unstructured":"van Dijk JJM. The narrow margins of the Dutch drug policy: A cost-benefit analysis. Eur J Crim Policy Res. 1998;6(3):369\u201393.","journal-title":"Eur J Crim Policy Res"},{"key":"1071_CR12","unstructured":"Blok G. \u201cBusje komt zo\u201d. De pioniersjaren van de methadonverstrekking in Amsterdam (1975\u20131985). In: Achter de voordeur: sociale psychiatrie vanuit de GGD Amsterdam in de twintigste eeuw. Amsterdam. Amsterdam University Press. 2014. https:\/\/heroineepidemie.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Busje-komt-zo.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2024."},{"issue":"3","key":"1071_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/0091450919847846","volume":"46","author":"RR De Quadros","year":"2019","unstructured":"De Quadros RR. \u201cDrugs paradise\u201d: dutch stereotypes and substance regulation in European collaborations on drug policies in the 1970s. Contemp Drug Probl. 2019;46(3):219\u201340.","journal-title":"Contemp Drug Probl"},{"key":"1071_CR14","unstructured":"Franse kritiek op Nederland als \u2018drugsland\u2019 wekt woede. De Volkskrant. 1996 Mar 22; https:\/\/www.volkskrant.nl\/voorpagina\/franse-kritiek-op-nederland-als-drugsland-wekt-woede~be110220\/"},{"issue":"9","key":"1071_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01912.x","volume":"102","author":"C Van Den Berg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Van Den Berg C, Smit C, Van Brussel G, Coutinho R, Prins M. Full participation in harm reduction programmes is associated with decreased risk for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus: evidence from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies among drug users. Addiction. 2007;102(9):1454\u201362.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"1071_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schatz E, Schiffer K, Kools JP. The Dutch treatment and social support system for drug users: Recent developments and the example of Amsterdam. International Drug Policy Consortium; 2011. https:\/\/www.tni.org\/files\/publication-downloads\/idpc-briefing-paper-dutch-treatment-systems.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2024.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1908913"},{"key":"1071_CR17","unstructured":"Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport (VWS), Justitie (JUS), Binnenlandse Zaken (BIZA). Drugbeleid; Nota \u2018Het Nederlandse drugbeleid: continu\u00efteit en verandering\u2019 [Internet]. Parlementaire Monitor; 1995. https:\/\/www.parlementairemonitor.nl\/9353000\/1\/j4nvgs5kjg27kof_j9vvij5epmj1ey0\/vi3afsymyptb\/f=\/kst9826.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2024. English version available via https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu\/drugs-library\/dutch-drug-policy-continuity-and-change-english_en."},{"key":"1071_CR18","unstructured":"van Laar M, van Ooyen-Houben M. Evaluatie van het Nederlandse drugsbeleid. Trimbos-Instituut, WODC; 2009. https:\/\/www.trimbos.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2021\/09\/af0884-evaluatie-van-het-nederlandse-drugsbeleid.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR19","unstructured":"Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal. Kamerstuk 24699, nr. 3. Jul 5, 1996. https:\/\/zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl\/kst-24699-3.html. Accessed 24 Jun 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schatz E, Schiffer K, Kools JP. The Dutch treatment and social support system for drug users: Recent developments and the example of Amsterdam. International Drug Policy Consortium; 2011. https:\/\/www.tni.org\/files\/publication-downloads\/idpc-briefing-paper-dutch-treatment-systems.pdf.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1908913"},{"issue":"1","key":"1071_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/146598902100001000052","volume":"8","author":"HFL Garretsen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Garretsen HFL. Guest Editorial: The decline of Dutch drug policy?Lessons to be learned. J Subst Use. 2003;8(1):2\u20134.","journal-title":"J Subst Use"},{"key":"1071_CR22","unstructured":"van Laar M, Cruts G, van Ooyen-Houben M, Croes E, van der Pol P, Meijer R, et al. Report to the EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point: The Netherlands Drug Situation 2014. Trimbos-Instituut, WODC; 2014. https:\/\/www.trimbos.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2021\/09\/af1367-the-netherlands-drug-situation-2014.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"1071_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22581","volume":"50","author":"SR Friedman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Friedman SR, Williams LD, Guarino H, Mateu-Gelabert P, Krawczyk N, Hamilton L, et al. The stigma system: how sociopolitical domination, scapegoating, and stigma shape public health. J Commun Psychol. 2022;50(1):385\u2013408.","journal-title":"J Commun Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1071_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1177\/0038026118778177","volume":"66","author":"G Scambler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scambler G. Heaping blame on shame: \u2018weaponising stigma\u2019 for neoliberal times. Sociol Rev. 2018;66(4):766\u201382.","journal-title":"Sociol Rev"},{"key":"1071_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7765\/9781526151407","volume-title":"Drug smuggler nation: narcotics and the Netherlands, 1920\u20131995","author":"S Snelders","year":"2021","unstructured":"Snelders S. Drug smuggler nation: narcotics and the Netherlands, 1920\u20131995. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 2021."},{"key":"1071_CR26","volume-title":"De achterkant van Nederland: hoe onder- en bovenwereld verstrengeld raken","author":"PW Tops","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tops PW, Tromp J. De achterkant van Nederland: hoe onder- en bovenwereld verstrengeld raken. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Balans; 2017."},{"key":"1071_CR27","unstructured":"Noordanus PGA, Tops PW, van der Torre EJ. Een Pact voor de Rechtsstaat: een sterke terugdringing van drugscriminaliteit in tien jaar. Den Haag: Aanjaagteam Ondermijning; 2020. https:\/\/www.njb.nl\/media\/3919\/pactvdrechtsstaat.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR28","unstructured":"Nelen H. Has the Netherlands become a Narco-state? Some reflections after the shooting of Peter R. de Vries. Tilburg University; 2021 Oct. (CIROC Newsletter). Report No.: Volume 3. https:\/\/research.tilburguniversity.edu\/files\/57606850\/ciroc_2021_E.pdf"},{"key":"1071_CR29","unstructured":"Spapens A, van de Mheen D. Het vestigingsklimaat voor drugscriminaliteit in Nederland. Tilburg University; 2022. https:\/\/pure.uvt.nl\/ws\/portalfiles\/portal\/63029814\/VestigingsklimaatDrugscriminaliteitNederlandEmpirisch.Juli2022.pdf. Accessed 25 July 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR30","unstructured":"de Koning B. Drugsbestrijding kost veel geld, maar niemand weet hoeveel. Follow the Money. 2023. https:\/\/www.ftm.nl\/artikelen\/wat-kost-de-war-on-drugs. Accessed 24 June 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR31","unstructured":"Aanjaagteam Ondermijning (ATO). Drugscriminaliteit en daaraan gerelateerde ondermijning: de kosten in beeld. 2020. https:\/\/www.politie.nl\/binaries\/content\/assets\/politie\/nieuws\/2021\/september\/tk-bijlage-drugscriminaliteit-en-daaraan-gerelateerde-ondermijning-de-kosten-in-beeld-4.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR32","unstructured":"Busz M. Commissievergadering Tweede Kamer over Nederlandse drugsbeleid. Mainline. https:\/\/mainline.nl\/commissievergadering-kamer-drugsbeleid\/. Accessed 24 June 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR33","unstructured":"van der Gouwe D, Strada L, Diender B, van Gelder N, de Gee A. Harm reduction services in the Netherlands: recent developments and future challenges. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut; 2022. https:\/\/www.trimbos.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/AF1973-Harm-reduction-services-in-the-Netherlands.pdf. Accessed 25 July 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR34","unstructured":"Darragh L, Jeziorska I, Rigoni R, Schiffer K. The Mental Health Challenges Faced by Harm Reduction Staff. 2023. (Civil Society Monitoring of Harm Reduction in Europe 2023). https:\/\/correlation-net.org\/2024\/02\/15\/the-mental-health-challenges-faced-by-harm-reduction-staff\/. Accessed 26 July 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR35","unstructured":"Nougier M, Cots Fernandez A. Off track: Shadow report for the mid-term review of the 2019 Ministerial Declaration on drugs. International Drug Policy Consortium; 2023. https:\/\/idpc.net\/publications\/2023\/12\/idpc-shadow-report-2024. Accessed 24 June 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR36","unstructured":"Tennant I, Oliveira AP, Eligh J, Collins J, Sztanojev M. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. 2024. Into the unknown: A clear breakthrough, but an uncertain future for drug policy at the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. https:\/\/globalinitiative.net\/analysis\/uncertain-future-drug-policy-commission-narcotic-drugs-united-nations\/. Accessed 24 June 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR37","unstructured":"United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (OHCHR) [Internet]. 2023. UN experts call for end to global \u2018war on drugs\u2019. https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/press-releases\/2023\/06\/un-experts-call-end-global-war-drugs. Accessed 24 June 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR38","unstructured":"Nelen H. Has the Netherlands become a Narco-state? Some reflections after the shooting of Peter R. de Vries. Tilburg University; 2021. (CIROC Newsletter). Report No.: Volume 3. https:\/\/research.tilburguniversity.edu\/files\/57606850\/ciroc_2021_E.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR39","unstructured":"Pen H, Roele J. Crackverslaafden zorgen voor overlast in het Oosterpark: \u2018Het is niet goed dat ik het doe, maar het gebeurt\u2019. Het Parool. 2024 Apr 20; https:\/\/www.parool.nl\/amsterdam\/crackverslaafden-zorgen-voor-overlast-in-het-oosterpark-het-is-niet-goed-dat-ik-het-doe-maar-het-gebeurt~b19029c1\/?referrer=https:\/\/www.google.com\/"},{"key":"1071_CR40","unstructured":"Lewis T. Back to the 90s op Rotterdamse Nieuwe Binnenweg: spuiten, tippelen en poepen op straat. Rijnmond. 2023 Jun 26; https:\/\/www.rijnmond.nl\/nieuws\/1686357\/back-to-the-90s-op-rotterdamse-nieuwe-binnenweg-spuiten-tippelen-en-poepen-op-straat"},{"key":"1071_CR41","unstructured":"City of Amsterdam. Conference Dealing with Drugs. https:\/\/www.amsterdam.nl\/dealingwithdrugs\/. Accessed 24 June 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spencer M, Garnett M, Mini\u00f1o A. Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 2002\u20132022. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.); 2023 Dec. https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/135849. Accessed 25 July 2024.","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:135849"},{"key":"1071_CR43","unstructured":"Government of Canada. Safer supply: Prescribed medications as a safer alternative to toxic illegal drugs. 2021. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/opioids\/responding-canada-opioid-crisis\/safer-supply.html. Accessed 25 July 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR44","unstructured":"Dale McMurchy Consulting. Early findings from safer supply pilot projects. Health Canada; 2022 Mar. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/opioids\/responding-canada-opioid-crisis\/safer-supply\/early-findings-safer-supply-pilot-projects.html. Accessed 24 March 2024."},{"issue":"2","key":"1071_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00001-X","volume":"9","author":"A Holland","year":"2024","unstructured":"Holland A, Copeland CS, Shorter GW, Connolly DJ, Wiseman A, Mooney J, et al. Nitazenes\u2014heralding a second wave for the UK drug-related death crisis? Lancet Public Health. 2024;9(2):e71\u20132.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"1071_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.p2421","volume":"383","author":"N Eastwood","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eastwood N, Schlossenberg SS. The illegal drugs market is changing\u2014is the UK prepared? BMJ. 2023;383:2421.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1071_CR47","unstructured":"Pomfret A, Rigoni R, Busz M, Schiffer K. City Report - Amsterdam: Shaping the future of drug regulation from the \u2018bottom-up\u2019. Amsterdam: Correlation - European Harm Reduction Network; 2024. https:\/\/correlation-net.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/2023_CEHRN-Monitoring_City-Report-Amsterdam_Eng.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR48","unstructured":"EMCDDA. Harm reduction: evidence, impacts and challenges. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publ. of the European Communities; 2010. https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/system\/files\/publications\/555\/EMCDDA-monograph10-harm_reduction_final_205049.pdf. Accessed 26 July 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Prevention and control of infectious diseases among people who inject drugs: 2023 update. LU: Publications Office; 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2900\/854004. Accessed 25 July 2024.","DOI":"10.2900\/854004"},{"key":"1071_CR50","unstructured":"WHO Guideline: Consolidated guidelines on HIV, viral hepatitis and STI prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations; 2022: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240052390. Accessed 26 July 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR51","unstructured":"EMCDDA. Harm reduction: the current situation in Europe. 2024. https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu\/publications\/european-drug-report\/2024\/harm-reduction_en. Accessed 26 July 2024."},{"key":"1071_CR52","unstructured":"UNAIDS welcomes the adoption of a crucial resolution recognizing harm reduction measures at the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs. UNAIDS; 2024 March. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/presscentre\/pressreleaseandstatementarchive\/2024\/march\/20240322_harm-reduction. Accessed 26 July 2024."}],"container-title":["Harm Reduction Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01071-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01071-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01071-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T03:44:27Z","timestamp":1725075867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01071-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01071-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-7517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"163"}}