{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T04:28:44Z","timestamp":1782016124136,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723766400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Harm Reduct J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies have shown that contamination of surfaces by illicit drugs frequently occurs in forensic laboratories when manipulating seized samples as well as in pharmacies and hospitals when preparing medicinal drugs. In this project, we extended these studies to a Drug Consumption Room to investigate drug levels and possible exposure of the staff members.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated pre and post cleaning contamination by heroin and cocaine and their degradation products 6-monoacetylmorphine and benzoylecgonine on different surfaces (tables, counters, computers and door handles) and in the ambient air. We also collected urine and hair samples from staff members to check for potential short and long term contaminations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medium to heavy contamination has been detected on most surfaces and door handles; as expected, air contamination was particularly high in the smoking room. Drug levels were &lt;\u2009LOD to very low in the urine and the hair samples of staff members tested.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cleaning efficiency of the surfaces, carried out by staff and drug users after drug consumption, was often not satisfactory. The very low drug levels in hair indicate that acute health risks for staff members are low.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01074-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T23:16:58Z","timestamp":1723763818000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Contamination of a drug consumption room with drugs and potential risks for social health care workers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Flore","family":"Cuffaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Dahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Marson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Berlemont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Yegles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Allar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Fauchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Creta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1074_CR1","unstructured":"The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Drug consumption rooms: an overview of provision and evidence (Perspectives on drugs). 2018. https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/system\/fles\/media\/publications\/documents\/2734\/POD_Drug%20consumption%20rooms.pdf. Accessed 18 August 2023."},{"key":"1074_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00837-3","volume":"20","author":"G Dahm","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dahm G, Roschel K, Marson C, Bourmaud A, Macedo J, Lupo M, Fauchet L, Allar C, Schaaf R, Schneider S. Consumer expectations, drug effects, price and purity of heroin and cocaine purchased at drug consumption rooms. Harm Reduct J. 2023;20:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-023-00837-3.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"1074_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sisco E, Najarro M. A multi-laboratory investigation of drug background levels. Forensic Chem. 2019;16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forc.2019.100184. PMID: 32118122; PMCID: PMC7047777.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2019.100184"},{"key":"1074_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sisco E, Najarro M, Burns A. A snapshot of drug background levels on surfaces in a forensic laboratory. Forensic Chem. 2018;11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forc.2018.09.001. PMID: 31555749; PMCID: PMC6760002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2018.09.001"},{"key":"1074_CR5","first-page":"198","volume":"9","author":"GS Doran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Doran GS, Deans RM, De Filippis C, Kostakis C, Howitt JA. Quantification of licit and illicit drugs on typical police station work surfaces using LC-MS\/MS. Anal. Methods. 2017;9:198\u2013210.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"1074_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salch SA, Zamboni WC, Zamboni BA, Eckel SF. Patterns and characteristics associated with surface contamination of hazardous drugs in hospital pharmacies. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2019;76(9):591\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajhp\/zxz033. PMID: 31361828.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxz033"},{"key":"1074_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.11.004","volume":"40","author":"A Cecinato","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cecinato A, Balducci C, Nervegna G. Occurrence of cocaine in the air of the World\u2019s cities an emerging problem? A new tool to investigate the social incidence of drugs? Sci. Total Envrion. 2009;40:1683\u201390.","journal-title":"Total Envrion"},{"key":"1074_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.06.008","volume":"71","author":"A Cecinato","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cecinato A, Romagnoli P, Perilli M, Patriarca C, Balducci C. Psychotropic substances in indoor environments. Environ Int. 2014;71:88\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2014.06.008. Epub 2014 Jul 2. 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The Society of Hair Testing consensus on general recommendations for hair testing and drugs of abuse testing in hair. Drug Test Anal. 2023;15:1042\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.3526.","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"1074_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109894","volume":"302","author":"N Gambier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gambier N, Warling J, Van Elsue N, Yegles M. AEME production in cocaine positive hair after thermal hair treatment. Forensic Sci Int. 2019;302:109894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109894.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"1074_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pleil JD, Ariel Geer Wallace M, Davis MD, Matty CM. The physics of human breathing: flow, timing, volume, and pressure parameters for normal, on-demand, and ventilator respiration. J Breath Res. 2021;15(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ac2589. 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Data were collected anonymously and participants gave written consent for hair and urine samples.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"149"}}