{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:48:51Z","timestamp":1791265731028,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000058","name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["128188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["128188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000058","name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["128188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["128188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000058","name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["128188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["128188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000058","name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["128188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["128188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000058","name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["128188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["128188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000058","name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["128188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["128188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Harm Reduct J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Despite the widespread use of the phrase \u201charm reduction\u201d and the proliferation of programs based on its principles during the current opioid epidemic, what it means in practice is not universally agreed upon. Harm reduction strategies have expanded from syringe and needle exchange programs that emerged in the mid-1980s primarily in response to the HIV epidemic, to include medication for opioid use disorder, supervised consumption rooms, naloxone distribution, and drug checking technologies such as fentanyl test strips. Harm reduction can often be in tension with abstinence and recovery models to address substance use, and people who use drugs may also hold competing views of what harm reduction means in practice. Street-based outreach workers are increasingly incorporated into harm reduction programs as part of efforts to engage with people more fully in various stages of drug use and nonuse.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This paper explores how peer outreach workers, called \u201cmembers,\u201d in a street-based naloxone distribution program define and practice harm reduction. We interviewed 15 members of a street-based harm reduction organization in an urban center characterized by an enduring opioid epidemic. Inductive data analysis explored harm reduction as both a set of principles and a set of practices to understand how frontline providers define and enact them.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Analysis revealed that when members talked about their work, they often conceptualized harm reduction as a collection of ways members and others can \u201csave lives\u201d and support people who use drugs. They also framed harm reduction as part of a \u201cpath toward recovery.\u201d This path was complicated and nonlinear but pursued a common goal of life without drug use and its residual effects. These findings suggest the need to develop harm reduction programs that incorporate both harm reduction and recovery to best meet the needs of people who use drugs and align with the value systems of implementers.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01076-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T03:44:04Z","timestamp":1724989444000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A qualitative exploration of harm reduction in practice by street-based peer outreach workers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jill","family":"Owczarzak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noelle","family":"Weicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imogen","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miles","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan G.","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"1076_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2022.01568","volume":"42","author":"CM Andrews","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andrews CM, Hinds OM, Lozano-Rojas F, Besmann WL, Abraham AJ, Grogan CM, Silverman AF. State Funding for Substance Use Disorder Treatment declined in the wake of Medicaid Expansion. Health Aff. 2023;42(7):981\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2022.01568.","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"issue":"1","key":"1076_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0258-2","volume":"15","author":"RD Ashford","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ashford RD, Curtis B, Brown AM. Peer-delivered harm reduction and recovery support services: initial evaluation from a hybrid recovery community drop-in center and syringe exchange program. Harm Reduct J. 2018;15(1):52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-018-0258-2.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1076_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt243","volume":"43","author":"EJ Aspinall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aspinall EJ, Nambiar D, Goldberg DJ, Hickman M, Weir A, Van Velzen E, Palmateer N, Doyle JS, Hellard ME, Hutchinson SJ. Are needle and syringe programmes associated with a reduction in HIV transmission among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(1):235\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyt243.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1076_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.03.010","volume":"68","author":"AM Atkinson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Atkinson AM, McAuley A, Trayner KMA, Sumnall HR. We are still obsessed by this idea of abstinence\u2019: a critical analysis of UK news media representations of proposals to introduce drug consumption rooms in Glasgow, UK. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;68:62\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.03.010.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1076_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0145-2","volume":"14","author":"LM Boucher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boucher LM, Marshall Z, Martin A, Larose-H\u00e9bert K, Flynn JV, Lalonde C, Pineau D, Bigelow J, Rose T, Chase R, Boyd R, Tyndall M, Kendall C. Expanding conceptualizations of harm reduction: results from a qualitative community-based participatory research study with people who inject drugs. Harm Reduct J. 2017;14(1):18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-017-0145-2.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1076_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00461-z","volume":"18","author":"J Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang J, Shelly S, Busz M, Stoicescu C, Iryawan AR, Madybaeva D, de Boer Y, Guise A. Peer driven or driven peers? A rapid review of peer involvement of people who use drugs in HIV and harm reduction services in low- and middle-income countries. Harm Reduct J. 2021;18(1):15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00461-z.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1076_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000230","volume":"29","author":"L Chimbar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chimbar L, Moleta Y. Naloxone Effectiveness. J Addictions Nurs. 2018;29(3):167\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000230.","journal-title":"J Addictions Nurs"},{"key":"1076_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.08.002","volume":"73","author":"AB Collins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collins AB, Boyd J, Mayer S, Fowler A, Kennedy MC, Bluthenthal RN, Kerr T, McNeil R. Policing space in the overdose crisis: a rapid ethnographic study of the impact of law enforcement practices on the effectiveness of overdose prevention sites. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;73:199\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.08.002.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"21","key":"1076_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510450013006","volume":"271","author":"P Cotton","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cotton P. Harm reduction Approach May be Middle Ground. JAMA: J Am Med Association. 1994;271(21):1641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1994.03510450013006.","journal-title":"JAMA: J Am Med Association"},{"key":"1076_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102771","volume":"82","author":"F Dennis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dennis F, Rhodes T, Harris M. More-than-harm reduction: engaging with alternative ontologies of \u2018movement\u2019 in UK drug services. Int J Drug Policy. 2020;82:102771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102771.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"11","key":"1076_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.081678","volume":"179","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"2008","unstructured":"Des Jarlais DC, Arasteh K, Hagan H. Evaluating Vancouver\u2019s supervised injection facility: data and dollars, symbols and ethics. Can Med Assoc J. 2008;179(11):1105\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.081678.","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1076_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.1.10","volume":"85","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"1995","unstructured":"Des Jarlais DC. Harm reduction\u2013a framework for incorporating science into drug policy. Am J Public Health. 1995;85(1):10\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.85.1.10.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1076_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0178-6","volume":"14","author":"C Des Jarlais, Don","year":"2017","unstructured":"Des Jarlais, Don C. Harm reduction in the USA: the research perspective and an archive to David Purchase. Harm Reduct J. 2017;14(1):51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-017-0178-6.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1076_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490490435777","volume":"13","author":"CC DiClemente","year":"2004","unstructured":"DiClemente CC, Schlundt D, Gemmell L. Readiness and stages of change in Addiction Treatment. Am J Addictions. 2004;13(2):103\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10550490490435777.","journal-title":"Am J Addictions"},{"issue":"1","key":"1076_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089909035631","volume":"34","author":"PG Erickson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Erickson PG. Introduction: the three phases of harm reduction. An examination of emerging concepts, methodologies, and critiques. Subst Use Misuse. 1999;34(1):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10826089909035631.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"1076_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00507-2","volume":"18","author":"A Greer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greer A, Buxton JA, Pauly B, Bungay V. Organizational support for frontline harm reduction and systems navigation work among workers with living and lived experience: qualitative findings from British Columbia, Canada. Harm Reduct J. 2021;18(1):60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00507-2.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1076_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490411900109","volume":"119","author":"D Heller","year":"2004","unstructured":"Heller D, McCoy K, Cunningham C. An invisible barrier to integrating HIV Primary Care with Harm Reduction services: philosophical clashes between the harm reduction and medical models. Public Health Rep. 2004;119(1):32\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/003335490411900109.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"9068","key":"1076_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)11380-5","volume":"349","author":"SF Hurley","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hurley SF, Jolley DJ, Kaldor JM. Effectiveness of needle-exchange programmes for prevention of HIV infection. Lancet. 1997;349(9068):1797\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)11380-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9482","key":"1076_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66475-6","volume":"366","author":"T Kerr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kerr T, Tyndall M, Li K, Montaner J, Wood E. Safer injection facility use and syringe sharing in injection drug users. Lancet. 2005;366(9482):316\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66475-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1076_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-022-00622-8","volume":"19","author":"GK Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan GK, Harvey L, Johnson S, Long P, Kimmel S, Pierre C, Drainoni M-L. Integration of a community-based harm reduction program into a safety net hospital: a qualitative study. Harm Reduct J. 2022;19(1):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-022-00622-8.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"1076_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108103","volume":"118","author":"SD Kimmel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kimmel SD, Bazzi AR, Barocas JA. Integrating harm reduction and clinical care: lessons from Covid-19 respite and recuperation facilities. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2020;118:108103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108103.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"5","key":"1076_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13552","volume":"112","author":"K Lancaster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lancaster K. Rethinking recovery. Addiction. 2017;112(5):758\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.13552.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"7","key":"1076_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.04.006","volume":"26","author":"K Lancaster","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lancaster K, Duke K, Ritter A. Producing the \u2018problem of drugs\u2019: a cross national-comparison of \u2018recovery\u2019 discourse in two Australian and British reports. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(7):617\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.04.006.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"9","key":"1076_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2010.548435","volume":"46","author":"HS Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee HS, Engstrom M, Petersen SR. Harm reduction and 12 steps: complementary, oppositional, or something In-Between? Subst Use Misuse. 2011;46(9):1151\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10826084.2010.548435.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"5","key":"1076_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.04.017","volume":"61","author":"TW Levengood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Levengood TW, Yoon GH, Davoust MJ, Ogden SN, Marshall BDL, Cahill SR, Bazzi AR. Supervised Injection facilities as Harm reduction: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2021;61(5):738\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.04.017.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"9052","key":"1076_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05439-6","volume":"349","author":"P Lurie","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lurie P, Drucker E. An opportunity lost: HIV infections associated with lack of a national needle-exchange programme in the USA. Lancet. 1997;349(9052):604\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05439-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1076_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.07.001","volume":"25","author":"GJ MacArthur","year":"2014","unstructured":"MacArthur GJ, van Velzen E, Palmateer N, Kimber J, Pharris A, Hope V, Taylor A, Roy K, Aspinall E, Goldberg D, Rhodes T, Hedrich D, Salminen M, Hickman M, Hutchinson SJ. Interventions to prevent HIV and Hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: a review of reviews to assess evidence of effectiveness. Int J Drug Policy. 2014;25(1):34\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.07.001.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"9775","key":"1076_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62353-7","volume":"377","author":"BD Marshall","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marshall BD, Milloy M-J, Wood E, Montaner JS, Kerr T. Reduction in overdose mortality after the opening of North America\u2019s first medically supervised safer injecting facility: a retrospective population-based study. Lancet. 2011;377(9775):1429\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62353-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1076_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002209.pub2","author":"RP Mattick","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M. Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Reviews. 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002209.pub2.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Reviews"},{"key":"1076_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002207.pub4","author":"RP Mattick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Reviews. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002207.pub4.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Reviews"},{"key":"1076_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.01.051","volume":"106C","author":"R McNeil","year":"2014","unstructured":"McNeil R, Small W. Safer environment interventions: a qualitative synthesis of the experiences and perceptions of people who inject drugs. Soc Sci Med. 2014;106\u00a0C:151\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.01.051.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"1076_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12073","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212073","volume":"18","author":"F Mercer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mercer F, Miler JA, Pauly B, Carver H, Hn\u00edzdilov\u00e1 K, Foster R, Parkes T. Peer support and overdose Prevention responses: a systematic \u2018State-of-the-art\u2019 review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(22):12073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182212073.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1076_CR33","unstructured":"O\u2019brien ME. Junkie communinism: no one is disposable [online]. Com\u00admune. 2019. https:\/\/nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunemag.com%2Fjunkie-communism%2F&data=05%7C02%7Cjillowczarzak%40jhu.edu%7C89915d91a68e4c9ca69208dc41847c71%7C9fa4f438b1e6473b803f86f8aedf0dec%7C0%7C0%7C638457284493639919%7CUnknown%7CTW."},{"issue":"2","key":"1076_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.01.003","volume":"18","author":"P O\u2019Hare","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u2019Hare P. Merseyside, the first harm reduction conferences, and the early history of harm reduction. Int J Drug Policy. 2007;18(2):141\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.01.003.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1076_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2020.102376","volume":"64","author":"J Owczarzak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Owczarzak J, Weicker N, Urquhart G, Morris M, Park JN, Sherman SG. We know the streets: race, place, and the politics of harm reduction. Health Place. 2020;64:102376. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PMID: 32838893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2020.102376.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"1076_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.102110","volume":"91","author":"CE Paquette","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paquette CE, Daughters SB, Witkiewitz K. Expanding the continuum of substance use disorder treatment: nonabstinence approaches. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022;91:102110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.102110.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1076_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.012","volume":"145","author":"C Potier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Potier C, Lapr\u00e9vote V, Dubois-Arber F, Cottencin O, Rolland B. Supervised injection services: what has been demonstrated? A systematic literature review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;145:48\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.012.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"7","key":"1076_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201400047","volume":"65","author":"S Reif","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reif S, Braude L, Lyman DR, Dougherty RH, Daniels AS, Ghose SS, Salim O, Delphin-Rittmon ME. Peer recovery support for individuals with Substance Use disorders: assessing the evidence. Psychiatric Serv. 2014;65(7):853\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201400047.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Serv"},{"key":"1076_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2011.07.012","volume":"22","author":"T Rhodes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rhodes T, Bivol S, Scutelniciuc O, Hunt N, Bernays S, Busza J. Narrating the social relations of initiating injecting drug use: transitions in self and society. Int J Drug Policy. 2011;22:445\u201354.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1076_CR40","unstructured":"Riessman C. Narrative methods for the human sciences. Sage Publications, Inc.; 2008."},{"key":"1076_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Riley D, Sawka E, Conley P, Hewitt D, Mitic W, Poulin C, Room R, Single E, Topp J. Harm reduction: concepts and practice. a policy discussion paper. Substance Use & Misuse. 1999;34(1):9\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10826089909035632.","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089909035632"},{"issue":"3","key":"1076_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/09581590500372188","volume":"15","author":"G Roe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roe G. Harm reduction as paradigm: is better than bad good enough? The origins of harm reduction. Crit Public Health. 2005;15(3):243\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09581590500372188.","journal-title":"Crit Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1076_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-022-00641-7","volume":"99","author":"S Rouhani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rouhani S, Schneider KE, Weicker N, Whaley S, Morris M, Sherman SG. NIMBYism and Harm Reduction Programs: results from Baltimore City. J Urb Health. 2022;99(4):717\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-022-00641-7.","journal-title":"J Urb Health"},{"issue":"1suppl","key":"1076_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354918793627","volume":"133","author":"B Saloner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saloner B, McGinty EE, Beletsky L, Bluthenthal R, Beyrer C, Botticelli M, Sherman SG. A Public Health Strategy for the Opioid Crisis. Public Health Rep. 2018;133(1suppl):S24\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033354918793627.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"1076_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103252","volume":"95","author":"EN Satinsky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Satinsky EN, Kleinman MB, Tralka HM, Jack HE, Myers B, Magidson JF. Peer-delivered services for substance use in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;95:103252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103252.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1076_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.11.008","volume":"74","author":"D Shearer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shearer D, Fleming T, Fowler A, Boyd J, McNeil R. Naloxone distribution, trauma, and supporting community-based overdose responders. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;74:255\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.11.008.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1076_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103383","volume":"98","author":"R Smart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smart R, Grant S. Effectiveness and implementability of state-level naloxone access policies: Expert consensus from an online modified-Delphi process. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;98:103383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103383.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1076_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0214-1","volume":"15","author":"CM Stengel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stengel CM, Mane F, Guise A, Pouye M, Sigrist M, Rhodes T. They accept me, because I was one of them: formative qualitative research supporting the feasibility of peer-led outreach for people who use drugs in Dakar, Senegal. Harm Reduct J. 2018;15(1):9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-018-0214-1.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"4","key":"1076_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-022-00611-3","volume":"19","author":"KE Tobin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tobin KE, Heidari O, Winiker A, Pollock S, Rothwell MD, Alexander K, Owczarzak J, Latkin C. Peer approaches to improve HIV Care Cascade outcomes: a scoping review focused on peer behavioral mechanisms. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2022;19(4):251\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11904-022-00611-3.","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"22","key":"1076_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1402780","volume":"370","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Frieden TR, Hyde PS, Cha SS. Medication-assisted therapies \u2014 tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(22):2063\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMp1402780.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1076_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2021.1958854","volume":"56","author":"NP Weicker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weicker NP, Whaley S, Urquhart G, Park JN, Sherman SG, Owczarzak J. I know it is going to ruin their life: Fortune-Telling, Agency, and harm reduction in narratives concerning injection initiation assistance. Subst Use Misuse. 2021;56(12):1860\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10826084.2021.1958854.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"1076_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102796","volume":"85","author":"EL Winstanley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Winstanley EL. The Bell Tolls for Thee & Thine: Compassion fatigue & the overdose epidemic. Int J Drug Policy. 2020;85:102796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102796.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"1076_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/09595239500185341","volume":"14","author":"A Wodak","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wodak A, Saunders B. Harm reduction means what I choose it to mean. Drug Alcohol Rev. 1995;14(3):269\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09595239500185341.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"}],"container-title":["Harm Reduction Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01076-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01076-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01076-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T03:47:13Z","timestamp":1724989633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01076-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01076-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-7517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All participants provided oral informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"161"}}