{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:57:15Z","timestamp":1793048235786,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Harm Reduct J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The increasing diversity of psychoactive substances on the unregulated drug market poses significant health, psychological, and social risks to people who use drugs (PWUD). To address these risks, various harm reduction (HR) policies have been implemented, including drug checking services (DCS). Many analytical methods are used for DCS. While qualitative methods (e.g., thin layer chromatography, spectroscopy) are easier to implement, they are not as accurate as quantitative methods (e.g., LC-UV, LC-MS). Some HR programmes have implemented high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detection (LC-UV). This article presents the cross-validation of this quantitative method with a reference liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Drug samples were provided by PWUD to a DCS called DrugLab in Marseille, France. The samples were weighed and prepared through dissolution in methanol, followed by ultrasonic bathing. Samples were analysed onsite using LC-UV analysis. They were then subsequently analysed with the reference LC-HRMS method. The LC-UV instrument in DrugLab was calibrated after being purchased; analysis of standard solutions was routinely performed once a month and after maintenance operations. For the LC-HRMS instrument, calibration and quality control procedures followed European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines. Statistical analyses were conducted including Spearman correlation tests using IBM<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> SPSS<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> Statistics version 20.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 102 samples representing different product classes and cutting agents were cross-validated. Differences between both analyses methods for each molecule analysed were \u2264\u200920%, with significant correlations between both methods\u2019 results for most substances. Notably, LC-HRMS provided lower concentration values for cocaine and acetaminophen, whereas it provided higher values for other substances. Correlations were significant for cocaine, ketamine, MDMA, heroin, amphetamine, caffeine, acetaminophen, and levamisole.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study demonstrates that the results provided by DrugLab were accurate and reliable, making LC-UV an adaptable, stable, and suitable analytical method for simple matrices like drugs in a DCS context. However, this cross validation does not guarantee accuracy over time. A proficiency test project in HR laboratories across France is currently under development in order to address potential drifts in LC-UV accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01098-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T01:02:07Z","timestamp":1729213327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Implementation of a community-based LC-UV drug checking service: promising preliminary findings on feasibility and validity"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Fabresse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eurydice","family":"Papias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma","family":"Heckenroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Allemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perrine","family":"Roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1098_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230600944529","volume":"25","author":"A Ritter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ritter A, Cameron J. A review of the efficacy and effectiveness of harm reduction strategies for alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2006;25:611\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09595230600944529.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"1098_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18909-9","volume":"24","author":"A Cousien","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cousien A, Donadille C, Madrid LB, Maradan G, Jauffret-Roustide M, Lalanne L, et al. Cost-effectiveness of drug consumption rooms in France: a modelling study. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:1426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18909-9.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1098_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.220","volume":"3","author":"C Cole","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cole C, Jones L, McVeigh J, Kicman A, Syed Q, Bellis M. Adulterants in illicit drugs: a review of empirical evidence. Drug Test Anal. 2011;3:89\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.220.","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"1098_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1610","volume":"6","author":"CV Gin\u00e9","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gin\u00e9 CV, Espinosa IF, Vilamala MV. New psychoactive substances as adulterants of controlled drugs. A worrying phenomenon? Drug Test Anal. 2014;6:819\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.1610.","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"1098_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/25.7.645","volume":"25","author":"JC Kraner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kraner JC, McCoy DJ, Evans MA, Evans LE, Sweeney BJ. Fatalities caused by the MDMA-related drug paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA). J Anal Toxicol. 2001;25:645\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/25.7.645.","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"1098_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0179-5","volume":"14","author":"L Harper","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harper L, Powell J, Pijl EM. An overview of forensic drug testing methods and their suitability for harm reduction point-of-care services. Harm Reduct J. 2017;14:52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-017-0179-5.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"1098_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2021.100352","volume":"25","author":"T Cooman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cooman T, Ott CE, Dalzell KA, Burns A, Sisco E, Arroyo LE. Screening of seized drugs utilizing portable Raman spectroscopy and direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS). Forensic Chem. 2021;25:100352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forc.2021.100352.","journal-title":"Forensic Chem"},{"key":"1098_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00764-3","volume":"20","author":"L Gozdzialski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gozdzialski L, Wallace B, Hore D. Point-of-care community drug checking technologies: an insider look at the scientific principles and practical considerations. Harm Reduct J. 2023;20:39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-023-00764-3.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"1098_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.103037","volume":"88","author":"R Goncalves","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goncalves R, Titier K, Latour V, Peyr\u00e9 A, Castaing N, Daveluy A, et al. Suitability of infrared spectroscopy for drug checking in harm reduction centres. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;88:103037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.103037.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1098_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2014.06.011","volume":"106","author":"S Strano-Rossi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Strano-Rossi S, Odoardi S, Castrignan\u00f2 E, Serpelloni G, Chiarotti M. Liquid chromatography\u2013high resolution mass spectrometry (LC\u2013HRMS) determination of stimulants, anorectic drugs and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5I) in food supplements. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2015;106:144\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpba.2014.06.011.","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"1098_CR11","unstructured":"Allemann D. Standards drug checking. Infodrog. 2021. https:\/\/www.infodrog.ch\/files\/content\/nightlife\/fr\/2021_standards_drug_checking_module_normes-techniques_fr.pdf. Accessed 4 Jul 2024."},{"key":"1098_CR12","unstructured":"Brunt T. Drug checking as a harm reduction tool for recreational drug users: opportunities and challenges. European Union Drugs Agency. 2017. https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu\/document-library\/drug-checking-pill-testing-harm-reduction-tool-recreational-drug-users-opportunities-and-challenges_en. Accessed 4 Jul 2024."},{"key":"1098_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00921-8","volume":"21","author":"JC Halifax","year":"2024","unstructured":"Halifax JC, Lim L, Ciccarone D, Lynch KL. Testing the test strips: laboratory performance of fentanyl test strips. Harm Reduct J. 2024;21:14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-023-00921-8.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"1098_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2973","volume":"13","author":"E Deconinck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deconinck E, A\u00eft-Kaci C, Raes A, Canfyn M, Bothy J-L, Duchateau C, et al. An infrared spectroscopic approach to characterise white powders, easily applicable in the context of drug checking, drug prevention and on-site analysis. Drug Test Anal. 2021;13:679\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.2973.","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"1098_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4628","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054628","volume":"20","author":"M Balcaen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balcaen M, Ventura M, Gil C, Luf A, Martins D, Cunha M, et al. Challenges in Drug Surveillance: strengthening the analysis of new psychoactive substances by Harmonizing Drug Checking Services in proficiency testing. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20:4628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20054628.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1098_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15734","volume":"117","author":"N Maghsoudi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maghsoudi N, Tanguay J, Scarfone K, Rammohan I, Ziegler C, Werb D, et al. Drug checking services for people who use drugs: a systematic review. Addiction. 2022;117:532\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15734.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"1098_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1954","volume":"9","author":"TM Brunt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brunt TM, Nagy C, B\u00fccheli A, Martins D, Ugarte M, Beduwe C, et al. Drug testing in Europe: monitoring results of the Trans European Drug Information (TEDI) project. Drug Test Anal. 2017;9:188\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.1954.","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01120-9","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000}}],"container-title":["Harm Reduction Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01098-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01098-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01098-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T04:01:25Z","timestamp":1755057685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01098-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01098-4","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01120-9","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1477-7517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 August 2025","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original online version of this article was revised: The license text has been updated.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2024","order":7,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":8,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":9,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01120-9","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01120-9","order":10,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"185"}}