{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:19:57Z","timestamp":1793643597681,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100025190","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100025190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Harm Reduct J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-025-01282-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T05:59:02Z","timestamp":1753423142000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mapping experiences of workplace stigma and discrimination within the lived-living experience of illicit drug use and bloodborne virus peer workforce: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Shannon","family":"Christensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqui","family":"Richmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Beavon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Gorringe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Adamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Gobeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ele","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sione","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Gavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Ellen","family":"Harrod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisa","family":"Pedrana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louisa","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1282_CR1","unstructured":"Greer AM. Work experiences and conditions among people who use drugs engaged in peer work: a critical examination of peer work in British Columbia, Canada.Canada: University of British Columbia; 2019 [cited 2025 March 13]. Available from: https:\/\/open.library.ubc.ca\/soa\/cIRcle\/collections\/ubctheses\/24\/items\/1.0383396"},{"issue":"9","key":"1282_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201700564","volume":"69","author":"AJ King","year":"2018","unstructured":"King AJ, Simmons MB. A systematic review of the attributes and outcomes of peer work and guidelines for reporting studies of peer interventions. Psychiatr Serv. 2018;69(9):961\u201377.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"1282_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2023.107858","volume":"114","author":"EB Matthews","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matthews EB, Rahman R, Schiefelbein F, Galis D, Clark C, Patel R. Identifying key roles and responsibilities of peer workers in behavioral health services: a scoping review. Patient Educ Couns. 2023;114: 107858.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"1282_CR4","first-page":"CD004807","volume":"3","author":"V Pitt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pitt V, Lowe D, Hill S, Prictor M, Hetrick SE, Ryan R, et al. 2013 Consumer-providers of care for adult clients of statutory mental health services. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;3:CD004807.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02923-3","volume":"20","author":"S White","year":"2020","unstructured":"White S, Foster R, Marks J, Morshead R, Goldsmith L, Barlow S, et al. The effectiveness of one-to-one peer support in mental health services: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):534.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1282_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-017-0102-2","volume":"53","author":"SL Barker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barker SL, Maguire N. Experts by experience: peer support and its use with the homeless. Community Ment Health J. 2017;53(5):598\u2013612.","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-533","volume":"13","author":"N Small","year":"2013","unstructured":"Small N, Blickem C, Blakeman T, Panagioti M, Chew-Graham CA, Bower P. Telephone based self-management support by \u2018lay health workers\u2019 and \u2018peer support workers\u2019 to prevent and manage vascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13(1):533.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07816-7","volume":"22","author":"DM Thompson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thompson DM, Booth L, Moore D, Mathers J. Peer support for people with chronic conditions: a systematic review of reviews. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):427.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01076-w","volume":"21","author":"J Owczarzak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Owczarzak J, Martin E, Weicker N, Evans I, Morris M, Sherman SG. A qualitative exploration of harm reduction in practice by street-based peer outreach workers. Harm Reduct J. 2024;21(1):161.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1282_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230701829348","volume":"27","author":"N Walsh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Walsh N, Gibbie TM, Higgs P. The development of peer educator-based harm reduction programmes in northern Vietnam. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2008;27(2):200\u20133.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"1282_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4034","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-022-03729-y","volume":"26","author":"T Krulic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krulic T, Brown G, Bourne A. A scoping review of peer navigation programs for people living with HIV: form, function and effects. AIDS Behav. 2022;26(12):4034\u201354.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00467-7","volume":"18","author":"R Lennox","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lennox R, Lamarche L, O\u2019Shea T. Peer support workers as a bridge: a qualitative study exploring the role of peer support workers in the care of people who use drugs during and after hospitalization. Harm Reduct J. 2021;18(1):19.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01109-4","volume":"21","author":"J Dumbrell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dumbrell J, Carver H, Foster R, Pauly B, Steele W, Roy M, et al. Navigating transitions into, through, and beyond peer worker roles: insider insights from the supporting harm reduction through peer support (SHARPS) study. Harm Reduct J. 2024;21(1):191.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18586","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.1.18586","volume":"16","author":"GW Mwai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mwai GW, Mburu G, Torpey K, Frost P, Ford N, Seeley J. Role and outcomes of community health workers in HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16(1):18586.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"1282_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.152867.1","volume":"13","author":"T Thanh Hua","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thanh Hua T, Thu Nguyen H, Thu Nguyen H, Thi Hue Cao C, Thanh Nguyen H. Roles and current challenges of peer educators in delivering HIV\/AIDS-related services: a case study in Vietnam. F100Research. 2024;13:707.","journal-title":"F100Research."},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00461-z","volume":"18","author":"J Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang J, Shelly S, Busz M, Stoicescu C, Iryawan AR, Madybaeva D, et al. Peer driven or driven peers? A rapid review of peer involvement of people who use drugs in HIV and harm reduction services in low- and middle-income countries. Harm Reduct J. 2021;18(1):15.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"1282_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.002","volume":"151","author":"Z Marshall","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marshall Z, Dechman MK, Minichiello A, Alcock L, Harris GE. Peering into the literature: a systematic review of the roles of people who inject drugs in harm reduction initiatives. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;151:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"suppl_2","key":"1282_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit297","volume":"57","author":"S Crawford","year":"2013","unstructured":"Crawford S, Bath N. Peer support models for people with a history of injecting drug use undertaking assessment and treatment for hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(suppl_2):S75\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1282_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyr094","volume":"27","author":"C Treloar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Treloar C, Rance J, Laybutt B, Crawford S. Structural constraints on the training of peer educators in hepatitis C prevention. Health Educ Res. 2012;27(2):248\u201357.","journal-title":"Health Educ Res"},{"key":"1282_CR20","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2022) Global health sector strategies on, respectively, HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections for the period 2022\u20132030. Geneva: World Health Organization"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13949","volume":"39","author":"E Day","year":"2019","unstructured":"Day E, Hellard M, Treloar C, Bruneau J, Martin NK, \u00d8vrehus A, et al. Hepatitis C elimination among people who inject drugs: challenges and recommendations for action within a health systems framework. Liver Int. 2019;39(1):20\u201330.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"1282_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.08.004","volume":"50","author":"C Henderson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Henderson C, Madden A, Kelsall J. \u2018Beyond the willing & the waiting\u2019\u2014The role of peer-based approaches in hepatitis C diagnosis & treatment. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;50:111\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1300-2","volume":"17","author":"HR Stagg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stagg HR, Surey J, Francis M, MacLellan J, Foster GR, Charlett A, et al. Improving engagement with healthcare in hepatitis C: a randomised controlled trial of a peer support intervention. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):71.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"Supplement_5","key":"1282_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v17","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz452","volume":"74","author":"J Surey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Surey J, Menezes D, Francis M, Gibbons J, Sultan B, Miah A, et al. From peer-based to peer-led: redefining the role of peers across the hepatitis C care pathway: HepCare Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;74(Supplement_5):v17\u201323.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"1282_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500600595053","volume":"11","author":"MG Weiss","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weiss MG, Ramakrishna J, Somma D. Health-related stigma: rethinking concepts and interventions. Psychol Health Med. 2006;11(3):277\u201387.","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"key":"1282_CR26","unstructured":"Australian Government Fair Work Ombudsman. Workplace discrimination 2025 [cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https:\/\/www.fairwork.gov.au\/tools-and-resources\/fact-sheets\/rights-and-obligations\/workplace-discrimination"},{"issue":"2","key":"1282_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/peps.12254","volume":"71","author":"LY Dhanani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dhanani LY, Beus JM, Joseph DL. Workplace discrimination: a meta-analytic extension, critique, and future research agenda. Personnel Psychol. 2018;71(2):147\u201379.","journal-title":"Personnel Psychol"},{"key":"1282_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01879","author":"C Van Laar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Laar C, Meeussen L, Veldman J, Van Grootel S, Sterk N, Jacobs C. Coping with stigma in the workplace: understanding the role of threat regulation, supportive factors, and potential hidden costs. Front Psychol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01879.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"#cr-split#-1282_CR29.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H (2024) Scoping reviews. 2020. In: JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis: JBI","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-09"},{"key":"#cr-split#-1282_CR29.2","unstructured":"[cited 2025 March 13]. Available from: https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global"},{"key":"#cr-split#-1282_CR30.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Porritt K, Pilla B, Jordan Z, editors. (2024) JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis: JBI","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-01"},{"key":"#cr-split#-1282_CR30.2","unstructured":"[cited 2025 March 13]. Available from: https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global"},{"issue":"7","key":"1282_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O\u2019Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467\u201373.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1282_CR32","unstructured":"Australian Injecting & Illicit Drug Users League (AIVL). AIVL Research Program 2025 [cited 2025 May 22] Available from: https:\/\/aivl.org.au\/aivl-resources\/research\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"1282_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/109019818801500401","volume":"15","author":"KR McLeroy","year":"1988","unstructured":"McLeroy KR, Bibeau D, Steckler A, Glanz K. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Educ Q. 1988;15(4):351\u201377.","journal-title":"Health Educ Q"},{"key":"1282_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-21-00416","author":"D Pollock","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pollock D, Alexander L, Munn Z, Peters MDJ, Khalil H, Godfrey CM, et al. Moving from consultation to co-creation with knowledge users in scoping reviews: guidance from the JBI Scoping Review Methodology Group. JBI Evid Synth. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11124\/JBIES-21-00416.","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"1282_CR35","unstructured":"EndNote (2013) EndNote. EndNote X9 ed. Philadelphia, PA: Clarivate"},{"issue":"4","key":"1282_CR36","first-page":"295","volume":"22","author":"JF Kilanowski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kilanowski JF. Breadth of the socio-ecological model. J Agromedicine. 2017;22(4):295\u20137.","journal-title":"J Agromedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-482","volume":"13","author":"S Baral","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baral S, Logie CH, Grosso A, Wirtz AL, Beyrer C. Modified social ecological model: a tool to guide the assessment of the risks and risk contexts of HIV epidemics. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):482.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1282_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00131","volume":"8","author":"T Golden","year":"2020","unstructured":"Golden T, Wendel M. Public health\u2019s next step in advancing equity: re-evaluating epistemological assumptions to move social determinants from theory to practice. Front Public Health. 2020;8:131.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1282_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-070308-115944","volume":"35","author":"AS Wharton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wharton AS. The sociology of emotional labor. Ann Rev Sociol. 2009;35:147\u201365.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Sociol"},{"key":"1282_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104182","volume":"120","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Y, Yuan Y, Reed BG. Experiences of peer work in drug use service settings: a systematic review of qualitative evidence. Int J Drug Policy. 2023;120:1\u201319.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-022-00330-5","volume":"17","author":"JF Magidson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Magidson JF, Rose AL, Regenauer KS, Brooke-Sumner C, Anvari MS, Jack HE, et al. \u201cIt\u2019s all about asking from those who have walked the path\u201d: Patient and stakeholder perspectives on how peers may shift substance use stigma in HIV care in South Africa. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2022;17(1):52.","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8407-4","volume":"20","author":"JA Miler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miler JA, Carver H, Foster R, Parkes T. Provision of peer support at the intersection of homelessness and problem substance use services: a systematic \u2018state of the art\u2019 review. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):641.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"14","key":"1282_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3310\/WVVL4786","volume":"26","author":"T Parkes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parkes T, Matheson C, Carver H, Foster R, Budd J, Liddell D, et al. A peer-delivered intervention to reduce harm and improve the well-being of homeless people with problem substance use: the SHARPS feasibility mixed-methods study. Health Technol Assess. 2022;26(14):7\u2013117.","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"1282_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.103015","volume":"88","author":"B Pauly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pauly B, Mamdani Z, Mesley L, McKenzie S, Cameron F, Edwards D, et al. \u201cIt\u2019s an emotional roller coaster But sometimes it\u2019s fucking awesome\u201d: meaning and motivation of work for peers in overdose response environments in British Columbia. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;88:103015.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"1282_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.2222","volume":"25","author":"EJ Cama","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cama EJ, Wilson H, Mackenzie A, Brener L. Hepatitis C stigma and empowerment through positive speaking in Sydney, Australia. J Community Appl Soc Psychol. 2015;25(5):418\u201331.","journal-title":"J Community Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-022-00595-8","volume":"19","author":"A Iryawan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iryawan A, Stoicescu C, Sjahrial F, Nio K, Dominich A. The impact of peer support on testing, linkage to and engagement in HIV care for people who inject drugs in Indonesia: qualitative perspectives from a community-led study. Harm Reduct J. 2022;19(1):16.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1282_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-018-0167-x","volume":"110","author":"AM Greer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Greer AM, Amlani A, Burmeister C, Scott A, Newman C, Lampkin H, et al. Peer engagement barriers and enablers: insights from people who use drugs in British Columbia, Canada. Can J Public Health. 2019;110(2):227\u201335.","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00453-5","volume":"18","author":"T Austin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Austin T, Boyd J. Having a voice and saving lives: a qualitative survey on employment impacts of people with lived experience of drug use working in harm reduction. Harm Red J. 2021;18(1):1.","journal-title":"Harm Red J."},{"issue":"10","key":"1282_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.01.005","volume":"26","author":"C Treloar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Treloar C, Rance J, Bath N, Everingham H, Micallef M, Day C, et al. Evaluation of two community-controlled peer support services for assessment and treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in opioid substitution treatment clinics: the ETHOS study, Australia. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(10):992\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1282_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.05.031","volume":"47","author":"O Bonnington","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bonnington O, Harris M. Tensions in relation: how peer support is experienced and received in a hepatitis C treatment intervention. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;47:221\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1282_CR51","first-page":"1","volume":"2019","author":"D Collins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collins D, Alla J, Nicolaidis C, Gregg J, Gullickson DJ, Patten A, et al. If it wasn\u2019t for him, I wouldn\u2019t have talked to them\": qualitative study of addiction peer mentorship in the hospital. J General Internal Med. 2019;2019:1\u20138.","journal-title":"J General Internal Med."},{"key":"1282_CR52","unstructured":"Lalane M. Peer workers in the hospital setting: the roles and experiences providing addiction support. USA: Fordham University Graduate School of Social Service; 2022 [cited 2025 March 13]. Available from: https:\/\/research.library.fordham.edu\/dissertations\/AAI29211242\/"},{"issue":"10","key":"1282_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141122","volume":"10","author":"J MacLellan","year":"2015","unstructured":"MacLellan J, Surey J, Abubakar I, Stagg HR. Peer support workers in health: a qualitative metasynthesis of their experiences. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(10): e0141122.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2022.2132134","volume":"31","author":"Z Mamdani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mamdani Z, Loyal JP, Xavier J, Pauly B, Ackermann E, Barbic S, et al. \u2018We are the first responders\u2019: overdose response experiences and perspectives among peers in British Columbia. Drugs Educ Prev Policy. 2024;31(1):91\u2013104.","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy"},{"issue":"12","key":"1282_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278210","volume":"17","author":"LN Masese","year":"2022","unstructured":"Masese LN, Ludwig-Barron NT, Mbogo L, Guthrie BL, Musyoki H, Bukusi D, et al. Occupational roles and risks of community-embedded peer educators providing HIV, hepatitis C and harm reduction services to persons who inject drugs in Nairobi, Kenya. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(12): e0278210.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1282_CR56","volume":"70","author":"W Pedersen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pedersen W, Holst C, Fjell L. Warriors against the \u2018War on Drugs\u2019: lay experts in Norwegian drug policy. Curr Sociol. 2021;70: 001139212110560.","journal-title":"Curr Sociol"},{"key":"1282_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.02.014","volume":"225","author":"MC Kennedy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kennedy MC, Boyd J, Mayer S, Collins A, Kerr T, McNeil R. Peer worker involvement in low-threshold supervised consumption facilities in the context of an overdose epidemic in Vancouver, Canada. Soc Sci Med. 2019;225:60\u20138.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1282_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1183","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13525","volume":"30","author":"L Brener","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brener L, Horwitz R, Rance J, Gray R, Poeder F, Bryant J. Establishing the impact of consumer participation in alcohol and other drug treatment settings in Australia. Health Soc Care Community. 2022;30(4):e1183\u201393.","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"issue":"5","key":"1282_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.12.010","volume":"26","author":"MK Dechman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dechman MK. Peer helpers\u2019 struggles to care for \u201cothers\u201d who inject drugs. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(5):492\u2013500.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"1282_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2019.1635968","volume":"41","author":"H Englander","year":"2020","unstructured":"Englander H, Gregg J, Gullickson J, Cochran-Dumas O, Colasurdo C, Alla J, et al. Recommendations for integrating peer mentors in hospital-based addiction care. Substance Abuse. 2020;41(4):419\u201324.","journal-title":"Substance Abuse"},{"key":"1282_CR61","unstructured":"Feige S, Choubak M. Compensating people with lived experience: best practices and highlights from the literature. Canada: Community Engaged Scholarship Institute; 2019 [Cited 2025 March 13]. Available from https:\/\/atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca\/items\/b704ece4-411d-47c5-9f9f-8e4963f60ad6"},{"issue":"2","key":"1282_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1108\/DAT-05-2018-0023","volume":"19","author":"M Goodhew","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goodhew M, Stein-Parbury J, Dawson A. Consumer participation in drug treatment: a systematic review. Drugs Alcohol Today. 2019;19(2):97\u2013112.","journal-title":"Drugs Alcohol Today"},{"issue":"3","key":"1282_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2004.12.002","volume":"16","author":"H Coupland","year":"2005","unstructured":"Coupland H, Maher L, Enriquez J, Le K, Pacheco V, Pham A, et al. Clients or colleagues? Reflections on the process of participatory action research with young injecting drug users. Int J Drug Policy. 2005;16(3):191\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1282_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00507-2","volume":"18","author":"A Greer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greer A, Buxton J, Pauly B, Bungay V. Organizational support for frontline harm reduction and systems navigation work among workers with living and lived experience: qualitative findings from British Columbia, Canada. Harm Red J. 2021;18:60.","journal-title":"Harm Red J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1282_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2018.1494134","volume":"26","author":"AM Greer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Greer AM, Pauly B, Scott A, Martin R, Burmeister C, Buxton J. Paying people who use illicit substances or \u2018peers\u2019 participating in community-based work: a narrative review of the literature. Drugs Educ Prev Policy. 2019;26(6):447\u201359.","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy"},{"key":"1282_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631","volume":"270","author":"M Olding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olding M, Boyd J, Kerr T, McNeil R. And we just have to keep going: task shifting and the production of burnout among overdose response workers with lived experience. Soc Sci Med. 2021;270: 113631.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"1282_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.02.004","volume":"55","author":"G Bardwell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bardwell G, Anderson S, Richardson L, Bird L, Lampkin H, Small W, et al. The perspectives of structurally vulnerable people who use drugs on volunteer stipends and work experiences provided through a drug user organization: opportunities and limitations. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;55:40\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/0091450919894341","volume":"47","author":"J Chapman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chapman J, Roche AM, Kostadinov V, Duraisingam V, Hodge S. Lived experience: characteristics of workers in alcohol and other drug nongovernment organizations. Contemp Drug Probl. 2020;47(1):63\u201377.","journal-title":"Contemp Drug Probl"},{"key":"1282_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102922","volume":"85","author":"A Greer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greer A, Bungay V, Pauly B, Buxton J. \u201cPeer\u201d work as precarious: a qualitative study of work conditions and experiences of people who use drugs engaged in harm reduction work. Int J Drug Policy. 2020;85: 102922.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00449-1","volume":"18","author":"Z Mamdani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mamdani Z, McKenzie S, Pauly B, Cameron F, Conway-Brown J, Edwards D, et al. \u201cRunning myself ragged\u201d: stressors faced by peer workers in overdose response settings. Harm Reduct J. 2021;18(1): 18.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"1282_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212073","author":"F Mercer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mercer F, Miler JA, Pauly B, Carver H, Hn\u00edzdilov\u00e1 K, Foster R, et al. Peer support and overdose prevention responses: a systematic \u201cstate-of-the-art\u201d review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182212073.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-00962-7","volume":"21","author":"JMG Pedroso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pedroso JMG, Araujo CNDP, Corradi-Webster CM. The joy and pain of being a harm reduction worker: a qualitative study of the meanings about harm reduction in Brazil. Harm Reduct J. 2024;21(1):56.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1282_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1177\/00220426221123269","volume":"53","author":"H Poliquin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Poliquin H, Perreault M, Villela Guilhon AC, Bertrand K. Improving harm reduction services: a qualitative study on the perspectives of highly marginalized persons who inject drugs in Montreal. J Drug Issues. 2022;53(3):375\u2013401.","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"1282_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.09.012","volume":"74","author":"G Kolla","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kolla G, Strike C. \u201cIt\u2019s too much, I\u2019m getting really tired of it\u201d: overdose response and structural vulnerabilities among harm reduction workers in community settings. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;74:127\u201335.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"1282_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2016.1269724","volume":"25","author":"C Marshall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marshall C, Piat M, Perreault M. Exploring the psychological benefits and challenges experienced by peer-helpers participating in take-home naloxone programmes: a rapid review. Drugs Educ Prev Policy. 2018;25(3):280\u201391.","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy"},{"key":"1282_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.01.027","volume":"176","author":"W Damon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Damon W, Callon C, Wiebe L, Small W, Kerr T, McNeil R. Community-based participatory research in a heavily researched inner city neighbourhood: perspectives of people who use drugs on their experiences as peer researchers. Soc Sci Med. 2017;176:85\u201392.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00853-3","volume":"20","author":"R Turuba","year":"2023","unstructured":"Turuba R, Toddington C, Tymoschuk M, Amarasekera A, Howard AM, Brockmann V, et al. \u201cA peer support worker can really be there supporting the youth throughout the whole process\u201d: a qualitative study exploring the role of peer support in providing substance use services to youth. Harm Reduct J. 2023;20(1):118.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-019-0306-6","volume":"16","author":"G Brown","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brown G, Crawford S, Perry G-E, Byrne J, Dunne J, Reeders D, et al. Achieving meaningful participation of people who use drugs and their peer organizations in a strategic research partnership. Harm Reduct J. 2019;16(1):37.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"1282_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.05.025","volume":"72","author":"G Brown","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brown G, Perry G-E, Byrne J, Crawford S, Henderson C, Madden A, et al. Characterising the policy influence of peer-based drug user organisations in the context of hepatitis C elimination. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;72:24\u201332.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"1282_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.12.009","volume":"20","author":"AD Ngo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ngo AD, Schmich L, Higgs P, Fischer A. Qualitative evaluation of a peer-based needle syringe programme in Vietnam. Int J Drug Policy. 2009;20(2):179\u201382.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1282_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.103014","volume":"87","author":"A Madden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Madden A, Lancaster K, Ritter A, Treloar C. Making legitimacy: drug user representation in United Nations drug policy settings. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;87: 103014.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1282_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.104725","volume":"137","author":"T Piatkowski","year":"2025","unstructured":"Piatkowski T, Kill E, Duff C, Jenkins K, Hamilton K. Mapping the risk environment for peers with lived-living experience working in the alcohol and other drugs sector in Queensland. Int J Drug Policy. 2025;137: 104725.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1282_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2017.02.008","volume":"70","author":"C Delgado","year":"2017","unstructured":"Delgado C, Upton D, Ranse K, Furness T, Foster K. Nurses\u2019 resilience and the emotional labour of nursing work: an integrative review of empirical literature. Int J Nurs Stud. 2017;70:71\u201388.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12738","volume":"72","author":"R Riley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Riley R, Weiss MC. A qualitative thematic review: emotional labour in healthcare settings. J Adv Nurs. 2016;72(1):6\u201317.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"1282_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520951853","volume-title":"The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling (3rd edition)","author":"AR Hochschild","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hochschild AR. The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling (3rd edition). Berkerly: University of California Press; 2012."},{"issue":"6","key":"1282_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2017.1417559","volume":"28","author":"E Watson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watson E. The mechanisms underpinning peer support: a literature review. J Ment Health. 2019;28(6):677\u201388.","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"key":"1282_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14461242.2024.2391437","author":"E-L Seal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seal E-L, Flore J, Kokanovi\u0107 R, Borovica T, Duff C, Thomas SDM, et al. The emotional labour of peer work: encountering stigma in mental healthcare spaces. Health Sociol Rev. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14461242.2024.2391437.","journal-title":"Health Sociol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1282_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.13349","volume":"33","author":"B Lerb\u00e6k","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lerb\u00e6k B, Johansen K, Burholt AK, Gregersen LM, Terp M\u00d8, Slade M, et al. Non-peer professionals\u2019 understanding of recovery and attitudes towards peer support workers joining existing community mental health teams in the North Denmark region: a qualitative study. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2024;33(6):2043\u201353.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"issue":"8","key":"1282_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-021-00807-8","volume":"57","author":"L Korsbek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Korsbek L, Vilholt-Johannesen S, Johansen GK, Thomsen R, Johansen MB, Rasmussen KS. The intentional differences: a qualitative study of the views and experiences of non-peer mental health providers on working together with peer support colleagues in mental health. Community Ment Health J. 2021;57(8):1435\u201341.","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"1282_CR90","volume-title":"Can peer workers ever be safe in a prohibitionist world? Harm Reduction International Conference 2023 (HR23)","author":"S Crawford","year":"2023","unstructured":"Crawford S. Can peer workers ever be safe in a prohibitionist world? Harm Reduction International Conference 2023 (HR23). Australia: Melbourne; 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02688-9","volume":"20","author":"JN Scanlan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scanlan JN, Still M, Radican J, Henkel D, Heffernan T, Farrugia P, et al. Workplace experiences of mental health consumer peer workers in New South Wales, Australia: a survey study exploring job satisfaction, burnout and turnover intention. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):270.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1282_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-022-01232-z","volume":"50","author":"JE Opie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Opie JE, McLean SA, Vuong AT, Pickard H, McIntosh JE. Training of lived experience workforces: a rapid review of content and outcomes. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2023;50(2):177\u2013211.","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health"},{"key":"1282_CR93","unstructured":"International HIV\/AIDS Alliance. Good practice guide for employing people who use drugs. 2015. Available from: https:\/\/idpc.net\/publications\/2015\/10\/good-practice-guide-for-employing-people-who-use-drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-022-00716-3","volume":"20","author":"I Volpe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Volpe I, Brien R, Grigg J, Tzanetis S, Crawford S, Lyons T, et al. \u201cWe don\u2019t live in a harm reduction world, we live in a prohibition world\u201d: tensions arising in the design of drug alerts. Harm Reduct J. 2023;20(1):3.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"1282_CR95","unstructured":"National Harm Reduction Coalition. Peer Delivered Syringe Exchange (PDSE) Toolkit. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/harmreduction.org\/issues\/syringe-access\/pdse-toolkit\/module-4-supervising-peers\/."},{"key":"1282_CR96","unstructured":"Byrne L, Wang L, Roennfeldt H, Chapman M, Darwin L, Castles C, et al. National lived experience workforce guidelines. Australia; National Mental Health Commission; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.mentalhealthcommission.gov.au\/lived-experience\/lived-experience-workforces\/peer-experience-workforce-guidelines\/national-lived-experience-%28peer%29-workforce-develop"},{"key":"1282_CR97","unstructured":"Naughton L, Collins P, Ryan M. Peer support workers\u2013a guidance paper. Ireland: Health Services Executive; 2015 Available from: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10147\/576059"},{"issue":"3","key":"1282_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1108\/MHSI-03-2017-0016","volume":"21","author":"S Gillard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gillard S, Foster R, Gibson S, Goldsmith L, Marks J, White S. Describing a principles-based approach to developing and evaluating peer worker roles as peer support moves into mainstream mental health services. Ment Health Soc Inclus. 2017;21(3):133\u201343.","journal-title":"Ment Health Soc Inclus"},{"key":"1282_CR99","unstructured":"The Harm Reduction Peer Workforce (HRPW). Fuse: HRPW Strategy 2022. Victoria, Australia: Harm Reduction Victoria; 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.hrvic.org.au\/fuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"1282_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2014.26.3.234","volume":"26","author":"A Madden","year":"2014","unstructured":"Madden A, Wodak A. Australia\u2019s response to HIV among people who inject drugs. AIDS Educ Prev. 2014;26(3):234\u201344.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"1282_CR101","unstructured":"Australian Injecting & Illicit Drug Users League. Development of a National Peer Work Framework. Australia; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/aivl.org.au\/development-of-a-framework\/"},{"key":"1282_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2024.104614","volume":"133","author":"T Piatkowski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Piatkowski T, Seear K, Reeve S, Kill E. How do relational practices co-constitute care for people who use drugs? The social and political dimensions of peer-led harm reduction. Int J Drug Policy. 2024;133: 104614.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1282_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26190\/unsworks\/30075","volume-title":"The Australian \u2018drug budget\u2019: Government drug policy expenditure 2021\/22","author":"A Ritter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ritter A, Grealy M, Kelaita P, Kowalski M. The Australian \u2018drug budget\u2019: Government drug policy expenditure 2021\/22. Australia: University of New South Wales; 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26190\/unsworks\/30075."},{"key":"1282_CR104","unstructured":"Victoria Department of Health. Engaging with lived and living experience workforces 2025 [cited 2025 May 22] Available from: https:\/\/www.health.vic.gov.au\/workforce-and-training\/engaging-with-lived-and-living-experience-workforces."},{"key":"1282_CR105","unstructured":"Victoria Department of Health. Lived and living experience workforces (LLEWs) initiatives 2025 [cited 2025 May 22] Available from: https:\/\/www.health.vic.gov.au\/workforce-and-training\/lived-experience-workforce-initiatives."},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-9-27","volume":"9","author":"M Jardine","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jardine M, Crofts N, Monaghan G, Morrow M. Harm reduction and law enforcement in Vietnam: influences on street policing. Harm Reduct J. 2012;9(1):27.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"7","key":"1282_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732318764393","volume":"28","author":"M Harris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harris M, Rhodes T. \u201cIt\u2019s not much of a life\u201d: the benefits and ethics of using life history methods with people who inject drugs in qualitative harm reduction research. Qual Health Res. 2018;28(7):1123\u201334.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"1282_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2022.2160926","volume":"39","author":"A Sinclair","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sinclair A, Christina F, Sue G, Mahboub L. Peer work in Australian mental health policy: What \u2018problems\u2019 are we solving and to what effect(s)? Disabil Soc. 2024;39(7):1656\u201381.","journal-title":"Disabil Soc"},{"key":"1282_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104160","volume":"120","author":"JJ Carroll","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carroll JJ, Cummins ER, Formica SW, Green TC, Bagley SM, Beletsky L, et al. The police paradox: a qualitative study of post-overdose outreach program implementation through public health-public safety partnerships in Massachusetts. Int J Drug Policy. 2023;120: 104160.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"1282_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12904","volume":"38","author":"T Khorasheh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khorasheh T, Naraine R, Watson TM, Wright A, Kallio N, Strike C. A scoping review of harm reduction training for police officers. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2019;38(2):131\u201350.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"1282_CR111","volume-title":"Drug law enforcement, policing and harm reduction: ending the stalemate","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bacon M, Spicer J, editors. Drug law enforcement, policing and harm reduction: ending the stalemate. UK: Taylor & Francis; 2022."},{"key":"1282_CR112","volume-title":"Police & harm reduction: how law enforcement can advance public safety, public health, and public confidence","author":"M Krupanski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krupanski M. Police & harm reduction: how law enforcement can advance public safety, public health, and public confidence. UK: Open Society Foundations; 2018."},{"key":"1282_CR113","volume-title":"The effects of the decriminalization of drug use in Portugal","author":"CE Hughes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hughes CE, Stevens A. The effects of the decriminalization of drug use in Portugal. USA: The Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Program; 2007."},{"key":"1282_CR114","volume-title":"The opioid crisis, a comparison: the United States, Portugal, and Spain","author":"H Sonntag","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sonntag H. The opioid crisis, a comparison: the United States, Portugal, and Spain. USA: USA University of Pittsburgh; 2018."},{"key":"1282_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103697","volume":"105","author":"E Blais","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blais E, Brisson J, Gagnon F, Lemay S-A. Diverting people who use drugs from the criminal justice system: a systematic review of police-based diversion measures. Int J Drug Policy. 2022;105: 103697.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1282_CR116","volume-title":"Drug decriminalization and harm reduction in Portugal: can policy innovation overcome stigma?","author":"EK Gilroy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gilroy EK. Drug decriminalization and harm reduction in Portugal: can policy innovation overcome stigma? USA: University of Washington; 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01821-3","volume":"10","author":"MDJ Peters","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Colquhoun H, Garritty CM, Hempel S, Horsley T, et al. Scoping reviews: reinforcing and advancing the methodology and application. Syst Rev. 2021;10(1):263.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"1282_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2022.100086","volume":"4","author":"A Adams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adams A, Ferguson M, Greer AM, Burmeister C, Lock K, McDougall J, et al. Guideline development in harm reduction: considerations around the meaningful involvement of people who access services. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep. 2022;4: 100086.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend Rep"},{"issue":"S1","key":"1282_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25924","volume":"25","author":"G Brown","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brown G, Reeders D, Cogle A, Allan B, Howard C, Rule J, et al. Tackling structural stigma: a systems perspective. J Int AIDS Soc. 2022;25(S1): e25924.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"1282_CR120","unstructured":"Gillespie A, Lasu, B., Sawatzky A. Peer support models for harm reduction services: a literature review for the Wellington Guelph Drug Strategy (WGDS). Canada: Community Engaged Scholarship Institute; 2018 [Cited 2025 March 13]. Available from: https:\/\/atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/bb1944df-22f4-4b1d-b085-ef0c69ca5b80\/content"},{"issue":"3","key":"1282_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/15332640.2018.1532854","volume":"19","author":"NJ Haw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haw NJ, Yang J, Li H, Duo L, Wang Z, Bouey JZH. Challenges and value of peer outreach workers in needle and syringe exchange programs: evidence from an HIV prevention program in Yunnan province, China. J Ethn Subst Abuse. 2020;19(3):403\u201316.","journal-title":"J Ethn Subst Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/FCH.0000000000000349","volume":"46","author":"F Hilliard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hilliard F, Goldstein E, Nervik K, Croes K, Ossorio PN, Zgierska AE. Voices of women with lived experience of substance use during pregnancy: a qualitative study of motivators and barriers to recruitment and retention in research. Fam Community Health. 2023;46(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Fam Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1282_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08393-5","volume":"22","author":"N Ibrahim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ibrahim N, Selim A, Ng F, Kasaby M, Ali AM, Eweida R, et al. Experiences of peer support workers supporting individuals with substance use disorders in Egypt: phenomenological analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):1012.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"1282_CR124","volume-title":"Priority setting for the overdose crisis: challenges and opportunities for peer engagement in British Columbia","author":"K Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee K. Priority setting for the overdose crisis: challenges and opportunities for peer engagement in British Columbia. Canada: Simon Fraser University; 2020."},{"key":"1282_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-5-8","volume":"5","author":"J Norman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Norman J, Walsh NM, Mugavin J, Stoov\u00e9 MA, Kelsall J, Austin K, et al. The acceptability and feasibility of peer worker support role in community based HCV treatment for injecting drug users. Harm Reduct J. 2008;5:8.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"1282_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100256","volume":"12","author":"DC Ompad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ompad DC, Shrader CH, Snyder KM, Netherland J, Vakharia SP, Walker I. \u201cHe\u2019s used drugs - he\u2019s biased! He\u2019s not a drug user - what would he know!\u201d: a cross-sectional, online study of drug researchers\u2019 experiential knowledge of drug use and disclosure. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep. 2024;12: 100256.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"1282_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2022.2030302","volume":"30","author":"M Perreault","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perreault M, Ferlatte M-A, Artunduaga AC, Perron C, Marshall C, Milton D. Impact of participation in a peer-led overdose program for people who use drugs. Drugs Educ Prevent Policy. 2023;30(3):259\u201368.","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prevent Policy."},{"issue":"6","key":"1282_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2012.656660","volume":"17","author":"I Resnick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Resnick I, Brener L, Treloar C, Hull P. Health worker attitudes toward peer workers in hepatitis C prevention. Psychol Health Med. 2012;17(6):659\u201366.","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"key":"1282_CR129","volume":"15","author":"C Scannell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scannell C. Voices of hope: substance use peer support in a system of care. Subst Abus. 2021;15: 11782218211050360.","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"issue":"5","key":"1282_CR130","volume":"23","author":"S Sundaresh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sundaresh S, Appel G, Ho K, Card A, Avery JJ, Avery JD. Demonstrating the efficacy of incorporating peers into addiction training for internal medicine residents. Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders. 2021;23(5): 20m02875.","journal-title":"Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders"},{"key":"1282_CR131","volume":"7","author":"L Ti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ti L, Tzemis D, Buxton J. Engaging people who use drugs in policy and program development: a review of the literature. Subst Abus. 2012;7: 47.","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"issue":"5","key":"1282_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2017.1410704","volume":"26","author":"L Wilson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilson L, Vannice S, Hacksel C, Leonard L. Peer worker or client?: conflicting identities among peer workers engaged in harm reduction service delivery. Addict Res Theory. 2018;26(5):361\u20138.","journal-title":"Addict Res Theory"}],"container-title":["Harm Reduction Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-025-01282-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12954-025-01282-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-025-01282-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T22:46:00Z","timestamp":1757285160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12954-025-01282-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-025-01282-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-7517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"JR, EA, JW and LW received an unrestricted investigator-initiated grant from Gilead Sciences Inc. to undertake this study. AP has received investigator-initiated grants from Gilead Sciences Inc. and AbbVie, and speaker fees from Gilead Sciences Inc. for unrelated work. JR has received speaker fees from AbbVie and Gilead Sciences Inc. for unrelated work. JW has received funded by Gilead Sciences Inc. for an unrelated project.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"127"}}