{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:22:48Z","timestamp":1772166168252,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Harm Reduct J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-025-01366-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T02:12:04Z","timestamp":1767492724000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Harm reduction engagement and ongoing opioid use among adults receiving methadone or buprenorphine in Philadelphia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"William","family":"Brincheiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nolan","family":"Chiles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Jangro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Haahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara Carson","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1suppl","key":"1366_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354918793627","volume":"133","author":"B Saloner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saloner B, McGinty EE, Beletsky L, et al. A public health strategy for the opioid crisis. Public Health Rep Wash DC 1974. 2018;133(1suppl):S24\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033354918793627.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep Wash DC 1974"},{"key":"1366_CR2","unstructured":"Common Comorbidities with Substance Use Disorders Research Report. National Institutes on Drug Abuse (US). 2020. Accessed December 6, 2025. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK571451\/"},{"key":"1366_CR3","unstructured":"CDC. Treatment of Substance Use Disorders. Overdose Prevention. April 4, 2025. Accessed December 6, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/overdose-prevention\/treatment\/index.html"},{"issue":"6","key":"1366_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2514402","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.14402","volume":"8","author":"JV Myers","year":"2025","unstructured":"Myers JV, Marks C, Kim J, et al. Generating timely estimates of overdose deaths for the US using urine drug test data. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(6):e2514402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.14402","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"1366_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e251158","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.1158","volume":"8","author":"AH Kral","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kral AH, Humphrey JL, Schwab C, Lambdin BH, Ray B. Law enforcement drug seizures and Opioid-Involved overdose mortality. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(3):e251158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.1158.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"1366_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3810","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06904-4","volume":"36","author":"JL Taylor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taylor JL, Johnson S, Cruz R, Gray JR, Schiff D, Bagley SM. Integrating harm reduction into outpatient opioid use disorder treatment settings : harm reduction in outpatient addiction treatment. J Gen Intern Med. 2021;36(12):3810\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-021-06904-4.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1366_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2023.2295416","volume":"20","author":"BS Israel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Israel BS, Belcher AM, Ford JD. A harm reduction framework for integrated treatment of Co-Occurring opioid use disorder and Trauma-Related disorders. J Dual Diagn. 2024;20(1):52\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15504263.2023.2295416.","journal-title":"J Dual Diagn"},{"issue":"22","key":"1366_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.21381","volume":"323","author":"CD Patnode","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patnode CD, Perdue LA, Rushkin M, et al. Screening for unhealthy drug use: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA. 2020;323(22):2310\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2019.21381.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"1366_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1604339","volume":"375","author":"MA Schuckit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schuckit MA. Treatment of Opioid-Use disorders. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):357\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1604339.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1366_CR9","unstructured":"MacArthur GJ, Minozzi S, Martin N et al. Opiate substitution treatment and HIV transmission in people who inject drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis. In: Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-Assessed Reviews [Internet]. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (UK); 2012. Accessed December 6, 2025. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK109154\/"},{"issue":"6","key":"1366_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00095-0","volume":"10","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Degenhardt L, Clark B, Macpherson G, et al. Buprenorphine versus methadone for the treatment of opioid dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and observational studies. Lancet Psychiatry. 2023;10(6):386\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00095-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1366_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD002207","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002207.pub4","volume":"2014","author":"RP Mattick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(2):CD002207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002207.pub4.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1366_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13088","volume":"140","author":"A Bahji","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bahji A, Cheng B, Gray S, Stuart H. Reduction in mortality risk with opioid agonist therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019;140(4):313\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acps.13088.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"1366_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.1052","volume":"178","author":"MR Lofwall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lofwall MR, Walsh SL, Nunes EV, et al. Weekly and monthly subcutaneous buprenorphine depot formulations vs daily Sublingual buprenorphine with Naloxone for treatment of opioid use disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(6):764\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.1052.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1366_CR14","first-page":"313","volume":"97","author":"R Zoorob","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zoorob R, Kowalchuk A, Mejia de Grubb M. Buprenorphine therapy for opioid use disorder. Am Fam Physician. 2018;97(5):313\u201320.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"6","key":"1366_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e095645","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-095645","volume":"15","author":"L Naji","year":"2025","unstructured":"Naji L, Rosic T, Dennis B, et al. Effectiveness of methadone versus buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid use disorder: secondary analyses of prospective cohort study data. BMJ Open. 2025;15(6):e095645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-095645.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1366_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108447","volume":"131","author":"MG Greiner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greiner MG, Shulman M, Choo TH, et al. Naturalistic follow-up after a trial of medications for opioid use disorder: medication status, opioid use, and relapse. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2021;131:108447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108447.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"1366_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104120","volume":"118","author":"JE Rudolph","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rudolph JE, Cepeda JA, Astemborski J, Kirk GD, Mehta SH, Genberg BL. Trajectories of drug treatment and illicit opioid use in the AIDS linked to the intravenous experience cohort, 2014\u20132019. Int J Drug Policy. 2023;118:104120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104120.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1366_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16334","volume":"119","author":"C Foot","year":"2024","unstructured":"Foot C, Korthuis PT, Tsui JI, Luo SX, Chan B, Cook RR. Associations between stimulant use and return to illicit opioid use following initiation onto medication for opioid use disorder. Addict Abingdon Engl. 2024;119(1):149\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.16334.","journal-title":"Addict Abingdon Engl"},{"issue":"10","key":"1366_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15954","volume":"117","author":"ME Socias","year":"2022","unstructured":"Socias ME, Wood E, Le Foll B, et al. Impact of Fentanyl use on initiation and discontinuation of methadone and buprenorphine\/naloxone among people with prescription-type opioid use disorder: secondary analysis of a Canadian treatment trial. Addict Abingdon Engl. 2022;117(10):2662\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15954.","journal-title":"Addict Abingdon Engl"},{"issue":"1","key":"1366_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16684","volume":"120","author":"GJ Young","year":"2025","unstructured":"Young GJ, Zhu T, Hasan MM, Alinezhad F, Young LD, Noor-E-Alam M. Patient outcomes following buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder: A retrospective analysis of the influence of patient- and prescriber-level characteristics in Massachusetts, USA. Addict Abingdon Engl. 2025;120(1):152\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.16684.","journal-title":"Addict Abingdon Engl"},{"issue":"1","key":"1366_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.3596","volume":"81","author":"SX Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo SX, Feaster DJ, Liu Y, et al. Individual-Level risk prediction of return to use during opioid use disorder treatment. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024;81(1):45\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.3596.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1366_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15862","volume":"117","author":"T Gomes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gomes T, McCormack D, Bozinoff N, et al. Duration of use and outcomes among people with opioid use disorder initiating methadone and buprenorphine in ontario: a population-based propensity-score matched cohort study. Addict Abingdon Engl. 2022;117(7):1972\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15862.","journal-title":"Addict Abingdon Engl"},{"key":"1366_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.06.003","volume":"68","author":"PA Cushman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cushman PA, Liebschutz JM, Anderson BJ, Moreau MR, Stein MD. Buprenorphine initiation and linkage to outpatient buprenorphine do not reduce frequency of injection opiate use following hospitalization. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2016;68:68\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.06.003.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"11","key":"1366_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp013579","volume":"347","author":"DA Fiellin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fiellin DA, O\u2019Connor PG. Office-Based treatment of Opioid-Dependent patients. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(11):817\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMcp013579.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1366_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2518389","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.18389","volume":"8","author":"RA Kleinman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kleinman RA, Kurdyak P. Duration of methadone and Buprenorphine-Naloxone treatment. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(7):e2518389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.18389.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1366_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112578","volume":"268","author":"Y Estrada","year":"2025","unstructured":"Estrada Y, Sauer J, Dominguez L, et al. The prevalence of Fentanyl in new York city\u2019s unregulated drug supply as measured through drug checking offered at syringe service programs. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2025;268:112578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112578.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1366_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.110985","volume":"252","author":"KD Wagner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wagner KD, Fiuty P, Page K, et al. Prevalence of Fentanyl in methamphetamine and cocaine samples collected by community-based drug checking services. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2023;252:110985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.110985.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1366_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2024.100898","volume":"39","author":"TY Lim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lim TY, Dong H, Stringfellow E, et al. Temporal and Spatial trends of Fentanyl co-occurrence in the illicit drug supply in the united states: a serial cross-sectional analysis. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2024;39:100898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lana.2024.100898.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"key":"1366_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.01.004","volume":"75","author":"CL Arfken","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arfken CL, Suchanek J, Greenwald MK. Characterizing Fentanyl use in methadone-maintained clients. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017;75:17\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.01.004.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"9","key":"1366_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2025.00340","volume":"44","author":"B Saloner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saloner B, Lagisetty P. The opioid crisis: scaling up treatment and harm reduction programs to reach more people who would benefit. Health Aff Proj Hope. 2025;44(9):1034\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2025.00340.","journal-title":"Health Aff Proj Hope"},{"issue":"8","key":"1366_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306306","volume":"111","author":"A Razaghizad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Razaghizad A, Windle SB, Filion KB, et al. The effect of overdose education and Naloxone distribution: an umbrella review of systematic reviews. Am J Public Health. 2021;111(8):e1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306306.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1366_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200117","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.0117","volume":"3","author":"JG Katzman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Katzman JG, Takeda MY, Greenberg N, et al. Association of Take-Home Naloxone and opioid overdose reversals performed by patients in an opioid treatment program. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(2):e200117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.0117.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1366_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fenno L, Shenoi N, Egan D, Das S, Kidd J. Resource document on harm Reduction. DSM-5-TR. American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"1366_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103872","volume":"109","author":"N Palmateer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Palmateer N, Hamill V, Bergenstrom A, et al. Interventions to prevent HIV and hepatitis C among people who inject drugs: latest evidence of effectiveness from a systematic review (2011 to 2020). Int J Drug Policy. 2022;109:103872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103872.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"1366_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.04.017","volume":"61","author":"TW Levengood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Levengood TW, Yoon GH, Davoust MJ, et al. Supervised injection facilities as harm reduction: A systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2021;61(5):738\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.04.017.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"1366_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108648","volume":"132","author":"R Rosales","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rosales R, Janssen T, Yermash J, et al. Persons from Racial and ethnic minority groups receiving medication for opioid use disorder experienced increased difficulty accessing harm reduction services during COVID-19. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2022;132:108648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108648.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"1366_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114992","volume":"302","author":"P Mitchell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mitchell P, Samsel S, Curtin KM, et al. Geographic disparities in access to medication for opioid use disorder across US census tracts based on treatment utilization behavior. Soc Sci Med 1982. 2022;302:114992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114992.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med 1982"},{"issue":"4","key":"1366_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.11.020","volume":"83","author":"LM Westafer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Westafer LM, Beck SA, Simon C, Potee B, Soares WE, Schoenfeld EM. Barriers and facilitators to harm reduction for opioid use disorder: A qualitative study of people with lived experience. Ann Emerg Med. 2024;83(4):340\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.11.020.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1366_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0001021","volume":"38","author":"E Harrison","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harrison E, Brant K, Strong-Jones S, Skogseth E, Latkin C, Jones A. Challenges and recommendations for overdose prevention and harm reduction in an era of Fentanyl and xylazine: perspectives of women with opioid use disorder and professionals. Psychol Addict Behav J Soc Psychol Addict Behav. 2024;38(8):860\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0001021.","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav J Soc Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"1366_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Platt L, Minozzi S, Reed J et al. Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people who inject drugs - Platt, L \u2013\u20092017 | Cochrane Library. Accessed December 6, 2025. https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD012021.pub2\/full","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012021.pub2\/full"},{"issue":"4","key":"1366_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e244617","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.4617","volume":"7","author":"N Nataraj","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nataraj N, Rikard SM, Zhang K, et al. Public health interventions and Overdose-Related outcomes among persons with opioid use disorder. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(4):e244617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.4617.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"21","key":"1366_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.16954","volume":"332","author":"B Nosyk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nosyk B, Min JE, Homayra F, et al. Buprenorphine\/Naloxone vs methadone for the treatment of opioid use disorder. JAMA. 2024;332(21):1822\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2024.16954.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"1366_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041425","volume":"18","author":"M Guillou-Landreat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guillou-Landreat M, Dany A, Challet-Bouju G, et al. What differs between patients under methadone and under buprenorphine for opioid use disorder (OUD) in daily clinical practice in france? A short report. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18041425.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1366_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.035","volume":"160","author":"A Manhapra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manhapra A, Quinones L, Rosenheck R. Characteristics of veterans receiving buprenorphine vs. methadone for opioid use disorder nationally in the veterans health administration. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;160:82\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.035.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1366_CR45","unstructured":"BC Centre for Disease Control. Harm Reduction Client Survey. Accessed December 7. 2025. https:\/\/www.bccdc.ca:443\/health-professionals\/data-reports\/harm-reduction-client-survey"},{"issue":"5","key":"1366_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e233","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000647","volume":"14","author":"W Ling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ling W, Nadipelli VR, Aldridge AP, et al. Recovery from opioid use disorder (OUD) after monthly Long-acting buprenorphine treatment: 12-Month longitudinal outcomes from RECOVER, an observational study. J Addict Med. 2020;14(5):e233\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000647.","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"1366_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108548","volume":"131","author":"SR Bailey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bailey SR, Lucas JA, Angier H, et al. Associations of retention on buprenorphine for opioid use disorder with patient characteristics and models of care in the primary care setting. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2021;131:108548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108548.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"1366_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-022-00299-1","volume":"17","author":"BE Biondi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Biondi BE, Vander Wyk B, Schlossberg EF, Shaw A, Springer SA. Factors associated with retention on medications for opioid use disorder among a cohort of adults seeking treatment in the community. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2022;17(1):15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13722-022-00299-1.","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"1366_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20060816","volume":"178","author":"EV Nunes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nunes EV, Scodes JM, Pavlicova M, et al. Sublingual Buprenorphine-Naloxone compared with injection Naltrexone for opioid use disorder: potential utility of patient characteristics in guiding choice of treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2021;178(7):660\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20060816.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"1366_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15377","volume":"116","author":"KE Rudolph","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rudolph KE, D\u00edaz I, Hejazi NS, et al. Explaining differential effects of medication for opioid use disorder using a novel approach incorporating mediating variables. Addict Abingdon Engl. 2021;116(8):2094\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15377.","journal-title":"Addict Abingdon Engl"},{"key":"1366_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108686","volume":"136","author":"P Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang P, Tossone K, Ashmead R, et al. Examining differences in retention on medication for opioid use disorder: an analysis of Ohio medicaid data. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2022;136:108686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108686.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"1366_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n784","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n784","volume":"373","author":"M Buresh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buresh M, Stern R, Rastegar D. Treatment of opioid use disorder in primary care. BMJ. 2021;373:n784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n784.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1366_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-071723-112620","volume":"46","author":"B Saloner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saloner B, Heller D, Davis CS, Sherman SG. Harm reduction: the neglected pillar of US drug policy. Annu Rev Public Health. 2025;46(1):369\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-071723-112620.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"1366_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.11.008","volume":"77","author":"W Macias-Konstantopoulos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Macias-Konstantopoulos W, Heins A, Sachs CJ, Whiteman PJ, Wingkun NJG, Riviello RJ. Between emergency department visits: the role of harm reduction programs in mitigating the harms associated with injection drug use. Ann Emerg Med. 2021;77(5):479\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.11.008.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1366_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2510077","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.10077","volume":"8","author":"RA Vickers-Smith","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vickers-Smith RA, Gelberg KH, Childerhose JE, et al. Fentanyl test strip use and overdose risk reduction behaviors among people who use drugs. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(5):e2510077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.10077.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1366_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.08.007","volume":"63","author":"NC Peiper","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peiper NC, Clarke SD, Vincent LB, Ciccarone D, Kral AH, Zibbell JE. Fentanyl test strips as an opioid overdose prevention strategy: findings from a syringe services program in the southeastern united States. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;63:122\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.08.007.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1366_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-025-01189-w","volume":"22","author":"B Wallace","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wallace B, Shkolnikov I, Kielty C, et al. Is Fentanyl in everything? Examining the unexpected occurrence of illicit opioids in British columbia\u2019s drug supply. Harm Reduct J. 2025;22:28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-025-01189-w.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1366_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-020-00928-3","volume":"46","author":"CB Mistler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mistler CB, Chandra DK, Copenhaver MM, Wickersham JA, Shrestha R. Engagement in harm reduction strategies after suspected Fentanyl contamination among Opioid-Dependent individuals. J Community Health. 2021;46(2):349\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-020-00928-3.","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"1366_CR59","unstructured":"PAGroundhogs. PAGroundhogs. PAGroundhogs. Accessed December 7, 2025. https:\/\/pagroundhogs.org\/data"},{"issue":"5","key":"1366_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0229208","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229208","volume":"15","author":"B Pauly","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pauly B, Wallace B, Pagan F, et al. Impact of overdose prevention sites during a public health emergency in Victoria, Canada. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(5):e0229208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0229208.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1366_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weger R, Weinstock N, Jawa R, Wilson JD. We\u2019re not gonna aid you in shooting up: stigma\u2019s relationship to harm reduction in people who inject drugs. J Gen Intern Med. 2024;40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-024-09129-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-024-09129-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"1366_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-019-00365-1","volume":"96","author":"JN Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park JN, Sherman SG, Rouhani S, et al. Willingness to use safe consumption spaces among opioid users at high risk of Fentanyl overdose in Baltimore, Providence, and Boston. J Urban Health Bull N Y Acad Med. 2019;96(3):353\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-019-00365-1.","journal-title":"J Urban Health Bull N Y Acad Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1366_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2011.643983","volume":"38","author":"SM Kelly","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kelly SM, Brown BS, Katz EC, et al. A comparison of attitudes toward opioid agonist treatment among short-term buprenorphine patients. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2012;38(3):233\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00952990.2011.643983.","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"1366_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.031","volume":"160","author":"BJH Yarborough","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yarborough BJH, Stumbo SP, McCarty D, Mertens J, Weisner C, Green CA. Methadone, buprenorphine and preferences for opioid agonist treatment: A qualitative analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;160:112\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.031.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1366_CR65","first-page":"52","volume":"40","author":"PPCSS Casadonte","year":"2024","unstructured":"Casadonte PPCSS, Guidelines. Transfer from methadone to buprenorphine. Am Acad Addict Psychiatry. 2024;40:52\u20134.","journal-title":"Am Acad Addict Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1366_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2013.02.008","volume":"45","author":"J Gryczynski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gryczynski J, Mitchell SG, Jaffe JH, et al. Retention in methadone and buprenorphine treatment among African Americans. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2013;45(3):287\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2013.02.008.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"1366_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103788","volume":"107","author":"C Treloar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Treloar C, Lancaster K, Gendera S, et al. Can a new formulation of opiate agonist treatment alter stigma? Place, time and things in the experience of extended-release buprenorphine depot. Int J Drug Policy. 2022;107:103788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103788.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1366_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-024-00506-1","volume":"19","author":"M Pinhal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pinhal M, Schreck B, Leboucher J, Victorri-Vigneau C, Laforgue EJ, Grall-Bronnec M. Are the self-stigma and perceived stigma of patients treated with methadone or buprenorphine still a problem Fifty years after the marketing authorization for opioid agonist treatment? The observational STIGMA study. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2024;19:74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13722-024-00506-1.","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"1366_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14799","volume":"115","author":"LR Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith LR, Mittal ML, Wagner K, Copenhaver MM, Cunningham CO, Earnshaw VA. Factor structure, internal reliability and construct validity of the methadone maintenance treatment stigma mechanisms scale (MMT-SMS). Addict Abingdon Engl. 2020;115(2):354\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.14799.","journal-title":"Addict Abingdon Engl"},{"key":"1366_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108593","volume":"132","author":"NM Brousseau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brousseau NM, Farmer H, Karpyn A, et al. Qualitative characterizations of misinformed disclosure reactions to medications for opioid use disorders and their consequences. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2022;132:108593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108593.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"1366_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.01.005","volume":"99","author":"LH Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang LH, Grivel MM, Anderson B, et al. A new brief opioid stigma scale to assess perceived public attitudes and internalized stigma: evidence for construct validity. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2019;99:44\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.01.005.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"8","key":"1366_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15396","volume":"116","author":"JP Davis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davis JP, Eddie D, Prindle J, et al. Sex differences in factors predicting post-treatment opioid use. Addict Abingdon Engl. 2021;116(8):2116\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15396.","journal-title":"Addict Abingdon Engl"},{"issue":"2","key":"1366_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7374","volume":"326","author":"JM Donohue","year":"2021","unstructured":"Medicaid Outcomes Distributed Research Network (MODRN), Donohue JM, Jarlenski MP, et al. Use of medications for treatment of opioid use disorder among US medicaid enrollees in 11 States, 2014\u20132018. JAMA. 2021;326(2):154\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.7374.","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Harm Reduction Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12954-025-01366-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-025-01366-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-025-01366-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T11:47:51Z","timestamp":1770119271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12954-025-01366-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1366"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-025-01366-x","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7558770\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1477-7517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Thomas Jefferson University Institutional Review Board (IRB protocol iRISID #2023\u20132182). All participants completed an IRB-approved written informed consent and received a copy of their informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20"}}