{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T01:06:39Z","timestamp":1779843999770,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":46,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Harm Reduct J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-026-01446-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T14:25:18Z","timestamp":1775917518000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Considering water, sanitation, and hygiene as a valuable component of harm reduction"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Alhel\u00ed","family":"Calder\u00f3n-Villarreal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1446_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0196-4","volume":"14","author":"M Hawk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hawk M, Coulter RWS, Egan JE, Fisk S, Reuel Friedman M, Tula M, et al. Harm reduction principles for healthcare settings. Harm Reduct J. 2017;14(1):70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-017-0196-4.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1446_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(01)00063-9","volume":"12","author":"SR Friedman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Friedman SR, Southwell M, Bueno R, Paone D, Byrne J, Crofts N. Harm reduction \u2014 a historical view from the left. Int J Drug Policy. 2001;12(1):3\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0955-3959(01)00063-9.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1446_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-024-02163-x","volume":"23","author":"A Calder\u00f3n-Villarreal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Calder\u00f3n-Villarreal A, Avelar Portillo LJ, Abramovitz D, Goldenberg S, Flanigan S, Quintana PJE, et al. Water, sanitation, and hygiene access among people who inject drugs in Tijuana and San Diego in 2020\u20132021: a cross-sectional study. Int J Equity Health. 2024;23(1):79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-024-02163-x.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1446_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00369-0","volume":"17","author":"M Harris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harris M, Scott J, Hope V, Wright T, McGowan C, Ciccarone D. Navigating environmental constraints to injection preparation: the use of saliva and other alternatives to sterile water among unstably housed PWID in London. Harm Reduct J. 2020;17(1):24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-020-00369-0.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"1446_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2908.230323","volume":"29","author":"A Stefanovic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stefanovic A, Matic N, Ritchie G, Lowe CF, Leung V, Hull M, et al Multidrug Resistant Shigella sonnei Bacteremia among Persons Experiencing Homelessness, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29:1668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2908.230323.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1446_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10050120","volume":"10","author":"V Leung","year":"2025","unstructured":"Leung V, Ritchie G, Stefanovic A, Lee C, Chorlton S, Matic N, et al An Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Shigella flexneri Serotype 2a Among People Experiencing Homelessness in Vancouver. Trop Med Infect Disease. 2025;10(5):120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed10050120.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"1446_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz788","volume":"71","author":"CM Peak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peak CM, Stous SS, Healy JM, Hofmeister MG, Lin Y, Ramachandran S, et al. Homelessness and Hepatitis A\u2014San Diego County, 2016\u20132018. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(1):14\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciz788.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1446_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773","volume":"282","author":"KC Crank","year":"2025","unstructured":"Crank KC, Clements E, Barber C, Papp K, Gerrity D. Risk of gastrointestinal illness due to Campylobacter exposure in urban waterways for unsheltered persons experiencing homelessness. Water Res. 2025;282:123773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773.","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"1446_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2024.104485","volume":"129","author":"A Calder\u00f3n-Villarreal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Calder\u00f3n-Villarreal A, Abramovitz D, Avelar Portillo LJ, Goldenberg S, Flanigan S, Quintana PJE, et al. Water, sanitation and hygiene insecurity predict abscess incidence among people who inject drugs in a binational US\u2013Mexico metropolitan area: A longitudinal cohort study. Int J Drug Policy. 2024;129:104485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2024.104485.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"1446_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000019","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000019","volume":"1","author":"AM Ballard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ballard AM, Cooper HLF, Young AM, Caruso BA. You feel how you look\u2019: Exploring the impacts of unmet water, sanitation, and hygiene needs among rural people experiencing homelessness and their intersection with drug use. PLOS Water. 2022;1(5):e0000019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000019.","journal-title":"PLOS Water"},{"key":"1446_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115044","volume":"305","author":"A Calder\u00f3n-Villarreal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Calder\u00f3n-Villarreal A, Terry B, Friedman J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Olachea SA, Chavez A, D\u00edaz L\u00f3pez M, et al. Deported, homeless, and into the canal: Environmental structural violence in the binational Tijuana River. Soc Sci Med. 2022;305:115044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115044.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1446_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0303378","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303378","volume":"19","author":"A Calder\u00f3n-Villarreal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Calder\u00f3n-Villarreal A, Avelar Portillo LJ, Abramovitz D, Goldenberg S, Flanigan S, Quintana PJE, et al. A brief instrument measuring the water, sanitation and hygiene domain of menstrual health among women who inject drugs. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(5):e0303378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0303378.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1446_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17341-9","volume":"24","author":"LJ Avelar Portillo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Avelar Portillo LJ, Calder\u00f3n-Villarreal A, Abramovitz D, Harvey-Vera A, Cassels S, Vera CF, et al. WaSH insecurity and anxiety among people who inject drugs in the Tijuana-San Diego border region. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-17341-9.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1446_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1177\/0309132510364556","volume":"34","author":"C Milligan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Milligan C, Wiles J. Landscapes of care. Prog Hum Geogr. 2010;34(6):736\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0309132510364556.","journal-title":"Prog Hum Geogr"},{"key":"1446_CR15","unstructured":"United Nations. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 28 July 2010 64\u2013292. The human right to water and sanitation. [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2021 Oct 23]. Available from: https:\/\/undocs.org\/pdf?symbol=en\/A\/RES\/64\/292"},{"key":"1446_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2025.103514","volume":"95","author":"M Wise","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wise M, Vieira E, Cairns TB, Cornborough A, Gosal J, Kr\u00fcsi A. Navigating water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) access at the intersections of poverty, substance use, sex work and gender: A qualitative analysis of Vancouver, Canada\u2019s washroom trailer program. Health Place. 2025;95:103514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2025.103514.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"1","key":"1446_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-00939-6","volume":"21","author":"LR Marks","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marks LR, Durkin MJ, Ayres K, Ellis M. Drug preparation, injection-related infections, and harm reduction practices among a national sample of individuals entering treatment for opioid use disorder. Harm Reduct J. 2024;21(1):16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-024-00939-6.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"1446_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109380","volume":"233","author":"J Friedman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Friedman J, Montero F, Bourgois P, Wahbi R, Dye D, Goodman-Meza D, et al. Xylazine spreads across the US: A growing component of the increasingly synthetic and polysubstance overdose crisis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2022;233:109380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109380.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1446_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malayala SV, Papudesi BN, Bobb R, Wimbush A, Malayala SV, Papudesi BN, et al. Xylazine-Induced Skin Ulcers in a Person Who Injects Drugs in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Cureus. 2022;14(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.28160.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.28160"},{"key":"1446_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.112390","volume":"263","author":"R Jawa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jawa R, Ismail S, Shang M, Murray S, Murray-Krezan C, Zheng Y, et al. Drug use practices and wound care experiences in the age of xylazine adulteration. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2024;263:112390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.112390.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1446_CR21","unstructured":"VANDU. Eastside Illicit Drinkers Group for Education (EIDGE) [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2026 Mar 12]. Available from: https:\/\/vandu.org\/eidge\/"}],"container-title":["Harm Reduction Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12954-026-01446-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-026-01446-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12954-026-01446-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:51:43Z","timestamp":1779843103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12954-026-01446-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-026-01446-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-7517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"94"}}