{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:36:07Z","timestamp":1792013767519,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"The Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","award":["17115916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17115916"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Qual Life Outcomes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-0847-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]],"date-time":"2018-01-18T08:40:47Z","timestamp":1516264847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The factors that influence oral health-related quality of life in 15-year-old children"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3411-6442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai Ming","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colman P. J.","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"847_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.18.5.495","volume":"18","author":"M Power","year":"1999","unstructured":"Power M, Bullinger M, Harper A. The World Health Organization WHOQOL-100: tests of the universality of quality of life in 15 different cultural groups worldwide. Health Psychol. 1999;18:495.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"847_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0762.115700","volume":"3","author":"D Bennadi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bennadi D, Reddy C. Oral health related quality of life. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2013;3:1.","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"},{"key":"847_CR3","volume-title":"Measuring oral health and quality of life","author":"D Locker","year":"1997","unstructured":"Locker D, Slade G. Measuring oral health and quality of life. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina; 1997."},{"key":"847_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(96)00339-5","volume":"45","author":"PJ Allison","year":"1997","unstructured":"Allison PJ, Locker D, Feine JS. Quality of life: a dynamic construct. Soc Sci Med. 1997;45:221\u201330.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"847_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gift HC, Atchison KA. Oral health, health, and health-related quality of life. Med Care. 1995;33:NS57\u201377.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199511001-00008"},{"key":"847_CR6","first-page":"801","volume":"15","author":"P Davis","year":"1981","unstructured":"Davis P. Culture, inequality and the pattern of dental care in New Zealand. Soc Sci Med A. 1981;15:801\u20135.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med A"},{"key":"847_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-1-40","volume":"1","author":"PF Allen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Allen PF. Assessment of oral health related quality of life. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1:40.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"847_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345990780020301","volume":"78","author":"P Allison","year":"1999","unstructured":"Allison P, Locker D, Jokovic A, Slade G. A cross-cultural study of oral health values. J Dent Res. 1999;78:643\u20139.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"847_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-13-10","volume":"13","author":"JS de Paula","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Paula JS, Leite ICG, de Almeida AB, Ambrosano GMB, Mialhe FL. The impact of socioenvironmental characteristics on domains of oral health-related quality of life in Brazilian schoolchildren. BMC Oral Health. 2013;13:10.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"847_CR10","unstructured":"Zhang M. Ph. D. thesis: Changes in children\u2019s oral health related quality of life following orthodontic treatment. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong; 2007."},{"key":"847_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-010-9692-7","volume":"19","author":"C Piovesan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Piovesan C, Antunes JLF, Guedes RS, Ardenghi TM. Impact of socioeconomic and clinical factors on child oral health-related quality of life (COHRQoL). Qual Life Res. 2010;19:1359\u201366.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"847_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0301-5661.2004.00131.x","volume":"32","author":"JG Steele","year":"2004","unstructured":"Steele JG, Sanders AE, Slade GD, Allen PF, Lahti S, Nuttall N, Spencer AJ. How do age and tooth loss affect oral health impacts and quality of life? A study comparing two national samples. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004;32:107\u201314.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"847_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2004.00119.x","volume":"32","author":"C McGrath","year":"2004","unstructured":"McGrath C, Bedi R. The association between dental anxiety and oral health-related quality of life in Britain. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004;32:67\u201372.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"847_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2004.00498.x","volume":"31","author":"I Needleman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Needleman I, McGrath C, Floyd P, Biddle A. Impact of oral health on the life quality of periodontal patients. J Clin Periodontol. 2004;31:454\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"847_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0301-5661.2004.00144.x","volume":"32","author":"MT John","year":"2004","unstructured":"John MT, Koepsell TD, Hujoel P, Miglioretti DL, LeResche L, Micheelis W. Demographic factors, denture status and oral health-related quality of life. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004;32:125\u201332.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"847_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2002.300305.x","volume":"30","author":"M Ilma de Souza Cortes","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ilma de Souza Cortes M, Marcenes W, Sheiham A. Impact of traumatic injuries to the permanent teeth on the oral health-related quality of life in 12\u201314-year-old children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002;30:193\u20138.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"847_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-4-86","volume":"4","author":"WM Thomson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thomson WM, Lawrence HP, Broadbent JM, Poulton R. The impact of xerostomia on oral-health-related quality of life among younger adults. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006;4:86.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"847_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910208100705","volume":"81","author":"A Jokovic","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jokovic A, Locker D, Stephens M, Kenny D, Tompson B, Guyatt G. Validity and reliability of a questionnaire for measuring child oral-health-related quality of life. J Dent Res. 2002;81:459\u201363.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"847_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-010-0496-5","volume":"16","author":"K Bekes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bekes K, John MT, Zyriax R, Schaller H-G, Hirsch C. The German version of the child perceptions questionnaire (CPQ-G11-14): translation process, reliability, and validity in the general population. Clin Oral Investig. 2012;16:165\u201371.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"847_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-9-11","volume":"9","author":"P Wogelius","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wogelius P, Gjorup H, Haubek D, Lopez R, Poulsen S. Development of Danish version of child oral-health-related quality of life questionnaires (CPQ8-10 and CPQ11-14). BMC Oral Health. 2009;9:11.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"847_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2007.00878.x","volume":"18","author":"C McGrath","year":"2008","unstructured":"McGrath C, Pang HN, Lo E, King NM, H\u00c4gg U, Samman N. Translation and evaluation of a Chinese version of the child oral health-related quality of life measure. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2008;18:267\u201374.","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"847_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-4-4","volume":"4","author":"A Jokovic","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jokovic A, Locker D, Guyatt G. Short forms of the child perceptions questionnaire for 11\u201314-year-old children (CPQ 11\u201314): development and initial evaluation. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006;4:4.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"847_CR23","volume-title":"Oral health surveys: basic methods","author":"WHO","year":"1997","unstructured":"WHO. Oral health surveys: basic methods. 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1997.","edition":"4"},{"key":"847_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2000.tb00572.x","volume":"50","author":"D Bratthall","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bratthall D. Introducing the significant caries index together with a proposal for a new global oral health goal for 12-year-olds. Int Dent J. 2000;50:378\u201384.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"847_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ejo.a035999","volume":"11","author":"PH Brook","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brook PH, Shaw WC. The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priority. Eur J Orthod. 1989;11:309\u201320.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"847_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(95)70151-6","volume":"107","author":"W Shaw","year":"1995","unstructured":"Shaw W, Richmond S, O'Brien K. The use of occlusal indices: a European perspective. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1995;107:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"847_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/14.2.125","volume":"14","author":"S Richmond","year":"1992","unstructured":"Richmond S, Shaw W, O'brien K, Buchanan I, Jones R, Stephens C, Roberts C, Andrews M. The development of the PAR index (peer assessment rating): reliability and validity. Eur J Orthod. 1992;14:125\u201339.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"847_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1996.tb05654.x","volume":"41","author":"J Jenny","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jenny J, Cons NC. Establishing malocclusion severity levels on the dental aesthetic index (DAI) scale. Aust Dent J. 1996;41:43\u20136.","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"847_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/ortho\/27.2.149","volume":"27","author":"C Daniels","year":"2000","unstructured":"Daniels C, Richmond S. The development of the index of complexity, outcome and need (ICON). J Orthod. 2000;27:149\u201362.","journal-title":"J Orthod"},{"key":"847_CR30","volume-title":"DAI--the dental aesthetic index","author":"NC Cons","year":"1986","unstructured":"Cons NC, Kohout FJ, Jenny J. DAI--the dental aesthetic index. Iowa City: College of Dentistry, University of Iowa; 1986."},{"key":"847_CR31","first-page":"111","volume":"10","author":"H Lunn","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lunn H, Richmond S, Mitropoulos C. The use of the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN) as a public health tool: a pilot study. Community Dent Health. 1993;10:111\u201321.","journal-title":"Community Dent Health"},{"key":"847_CR32","volume-title":"An introduction to occlusal indices","author":"S Richmond","year":"1992","unstructured":"Richmond S. An introduction to occlusal indices. Manchester: Victoria University of Manchester: Mandent Press; 1992."},{"key":"847_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq243","volume":"41","author":"CM Schooling","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schooling CM, Hui LL, Ho LM, Lam T-H, Leung GM. Cohort profile:\u2018children of 1997\u2019: a Hong Kong Chinese birth cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;41:611\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"847_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0729-2","volume":"15","author":"L Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun L, Wong HM, McGrath CP. The factors that influence the oral health-related quality of life in 12-year-old children: baseline study of a longitudinal research. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017;15:155.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"847_CR35","unstructured":"Sun L, Wong HM, McGrath CP. The relationship between the severity of malocclusion and oral health related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2017; In Press"},{"key":"847_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0070","volume":"31","author":"JS Paula","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paula JS, Cruz JND, Ramires TG, Ortega EMM, Mialhe FL. Longitudinal impact of clinical and socioenvironmental variables on oral health-related quality of life in adolescents. Braz Oral Res. 2017;31:e70.","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"847_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2007.00036.x","volume":"67","author":"LG Do","year":"2007","unstructured":"Do LG, Spencer A. Oral health-related quality of life of children by dental caries and Fluorosis experience. J Public Health Dent. 2007;67:132\u20139.","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"key":"847_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2006.00323.x","volume":"35","author":"D Locker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Locker D. Disparities in oral health-related quality of life in a population of Canadian children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2007;35:348\u201356.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"847_CR39","first-page":"205","volume":"25","author":"L Do","year":"2008","unstructured":"Do L, Spencer A. Evaluation of oral health-related quality of life questionnaires in a general child population. Community Dent Health. 2008;25:205\u201310.","journal-title":"Community Dent Health"},{"key":"847_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.2319\/012713-83.1","volume":"83","author":"I Dawoodbhoy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dawoodbhoy I, Delgado-Angulo EK, Bernab\u00e9 E. Impact of malocclusion on the quality of life of Saudi children. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:1043\u20138.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"847_CR41","first-page":"58","volume":"26","author":"M Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang M, McGrath C, H\u00e4gg U. Orthodontic treatment need and oral health-related quality among children. Community Dent Health. 2009;26:58\u201361.","journal-title":"Community Dent Health"},{"key":"847_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-9-13","volume":"9","author":"TS Barbosa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barbosa TS, Tureli MCM, Gavi\u00e3o MBD. Validity and reliability of the child perceptions questionnaires applied in Brazilian children. BMC Oral Health. 2009;9:13.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"847_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12080","volume":"42","author":"O Gururatana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gururatana O, Baker SR, Robinson PG. Determinants of children's oral-health-related quality of life over time. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2014;42:206\u201315.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"847_CR44","unstructured":"Ahuja V. Master thesis:\u00a0Oral health related quality of life among Iowa adolescents. Iowa City: The University of Iowa; 2013."},{"key":"847_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-016-1964-3","volume":"21","author":"NR Aimee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aimee NR, van Wijk AJ, Maltz M, Varjao MM, Mestrinho HD, Carvalho JC. Dental caries, fluorosis, oral health determinants, and quality of life in adolescents. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21:1811\u201320.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"847_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl129","volume":"35","author":"SM Eldridge","year":"2006","unstructured":"Eldridge SM, Ashby D, Kerry S. Sample size for cluster randomized trials: effect of coefficient of variation of cluster size and analysis method. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35:1292\u2013300.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"847_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.141","volume":"2","author":"S Killip","year":"2004","unstructured":"Killip S, Mahfoud Z, Pearce K. What is an intracluster correlation coefficient? Crucial concepts for primary care researchers. Ann Fam Med. 2004;2:204\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"}],"container-title":["Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12955-018-0847-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]],"date-time":"2019-10-09T10:16:04Z","timestamp":1570616164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/hqlo.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12955-018-0847-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["847"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-018-0847-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-7525"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7525","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 August 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 January 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The ethical approval of this study was granted by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong\/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster (UW 09-453).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"19"}}