{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:45:25Z","timestamp":1791420325787,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537142400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","award":["17115916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17115916"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Qual Life Outcomes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-1015-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T09:10:43Z","timestamp":1537175443000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["The factors that influence oral health-related quality of life in young adults"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3411-6442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai Ming","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colman P. J.","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1015_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0762.115700","volume":"3","author":"D Bennadi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bennadi D, Reddy C. Oral health related quality of life. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2013;3:1\u20136.","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"},{"key":"1015_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(96)00339-5","volume":"45","author":"PJ Allison","year":"1997","unstructured":"Allison PJ, Locker D, Feine JS. Quality of life: a dynamic construct. Soc Sci Med. 1997;45:221\u201330.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"1015_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7486.301","volume":"330","author":"D Christie","year":"2005","unstructured":"Christie D, Viner R. Adolescent development. BMJ Br Med J. 2005;330:301.","journal-title":"BMJ Br Med J"},{"key":"1015_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.83","volume":"52","author":"L Steinberg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Steinberg L, Morris AS. Adolescent development. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001;52:83\u2013110.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"1015_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/104438946504600101","volume":"46","author":"HW Maier","year":"1965","unstructured":"Maier HW. Adolescenthood. Soc Casework. 1965;46:3\u20139.","journal-title":"Soc Casework"},{"key":"1015_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-016-0322-9","volume":"16","author":"M Yamane-Takeuchi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yamane-Takeuchi M, Ekuni D, Mizutani S, Kataoka K, Taniguchi-Tabata A, Azuma T, Furuta M, Tomofuji T, Iwasaki Y, Morita M. Associations among oral health-related quality of life, subjective symptoms, clinical status, and self-rated oral health in Japanese university students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2016;16:127.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"1015_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.2319\/101714-743.1","volume":"85","author":"M Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen M, Feng Z-C, Liu X, Li Z-M, Cai B, Wang D-W. Impact of malocclusion on oral health-related quality of life in young adults. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:986\u201391.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"1015_CR8","first-page":"1095","volume":"8","author":"P Jay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jay P, Goje SK, Narayan K, Riddhi P, Chinmay D, Aakash S. Impact of orthodontic treatment needs on Oral health-related quality of life among the early adults: a questionnaire study. J Int Oral Health. 2016;8:1095\u2013110.","journal-title":"J Int Oral Health"},{"key":"1015_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-11-25","volume":"11","author":"Y Masood","year":"2013","unstructured":"Masood Y, Masood M, Zainul NNB, Araby NBAA, Hussain SF, Newton T. Impact of malocclusion on oral health related quality of life in young people. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013;11:25.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"1015_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2014.12.025","volume":"147","author":"S-H Choi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choi S-H, Kim B-I, Cha J-Y, Hwang C-J. Impact of malocclusion and common oral diseases on oral health\u2013related quality of life in young adults. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2015;147:587\u201395.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"1015_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2008.02.024","volume":"137","author":"AH Hassan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hassan AH, Amin HE-S. Association of orthodontic treatment needs and oral health-related quality of life in young adults. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2010;137:42\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"1015_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1997.tb00941.x","volume":"25","author":"GD Slade","year":"1997","unstructured":"Slade GD. Derivation and validation of a short-form oral health impact profile. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1997;25:284\u201390.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"1015_CR13","volume-title":"Oral health surveys: basic methods","author":"WHO","year":"1997","unstructured":"WHO. Oral health surveys: basic methods. ed 4 ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1997.","edition":"ed 4"},{"key":"1015_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2000.tb00572.x","volume":"50","author":"D Bratthall","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bratthall D. Introducing the significant caries index together with a proposal for a new global oral health goal for 12-year-olds. Int Dent J. 2000;50:378\u201384.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"1015_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ejo.a035999","volume":"11","author":"PH Brook","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brook PH, Shaw WC. The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priority. Eur J Orthod. 1989;11:309\u201320.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"1015_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(95)70151-6","volume":"107","author":"W Shaw","year":"1995","unstructured":"Shaw W, Richmond S, O'Brien K. The use of occlusal indices: a European perspective. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1995;107:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"1015_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/14.2.125","volume":"14","author":"S Richmond","year":"1992","unstructured":"Richmond S, Shaw W, O'brien K, Buchanan I, Jones R, Stephens C, Roberts C, Andrews M. The development of the PAR index (peer assessment rating): reliability and validity. Eur J Orthod. 1992;14:125\u201339.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"1015_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1996.tb05654.x","volume":"41","author":"J Jenny","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jenny J, Cons NC. Establishing malocclusion severity levels on the dental aesthetic index (DAI) scale. Aust Dent J. 1996;41:43\u20136.","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"1015_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/ortho\/27.2.149","volume":"27","author":"C Daniels","year":"2000","unstructured":"Daniels C, Richmond S. The development of the index of complexity, outcome and need (ICON). J Orthod. 2000;27:149\u201362.","journal-title":"J Orthod"},{"key":"1015_CR20","volume-title":"DAI--the dental aesthetic index","author":"NC Cons","year":"1986","unstructured":"Cons NC, Kohout FJ, Jenny J. DAI--the dental aesthetic index. Iowa City: College of Dentistry, University of Iowa; 1986."},{"key":"1015_CR21","first-page":"111","volume":"10","author":"H Lunn","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lunn H, Richmond S, Mitropoulos C. The use of the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN) as a public health tool: a pilot study. Community Dent Health. 1993;10:111\u201321.","journal-title":"Community Dent Health"},{"key":"1015_CR22","volume-title":"An introduction to occlusal indices","author":"S Richmond","year":"1992","unstructured":"Richmond S. An introduction to occlusal indices. Manchester, UK: Victoria University of Manchester: Mandent Press; 1992."},{"key":"1015_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq243","volume":"41","author":"CM Schooling","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schooling CM, Hui LL, Ho LM, Lam T-H, Leung GM. Cohort profile:\u2018children of 1997\u2019: a Hong Kong Chinese birth cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;41:611\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1015_CR24","volume-title":"Ph. D. Thesis: changes in children\u2019s oral health related quality of life following orthodontic treatment","author":"M Zhang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhang M. Ph. D. Thesis: changes in children\u2019s oral health related quality of life following orthodontic treatment. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong; 2007."},{"key":"1015_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl129","volume":"35","author":"SM Eldridge","year":"2006","unstructured":"Eldridge SM, Ashby D, Kerry S. Sample size for cluster randomized trials: effect of coefficient of variation of cluster size and analysis method. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35:1292\u2013300.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1015_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.141","volume":"2","author":"S Killip","year":"2004","unstructured":"Killip S, Mahfoud Z, Pearce K. What is an intracluster correlation coefficient? Crucial concepts for primary care researchers. Ann Fam Med. 2004;2:204\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"1015_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0729-2","volume":"15","author":"L Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun L, Wong HM, McGrath CP. The factors that influence the oral health-related quality of life in 12-year-old children: baseline study of a longitudinal research. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017;15:155.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"1015_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-0847-5","volume":"16","author":"L Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun L, Wong HM, McGrath CP. The factors that influence oral health-related quality of life in 15-year-old children. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018;16:19.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"1015_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-827","volume":"14","author":"C Guarnizo-Herre\u00f1o","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guarnizo-Herre\u00f1o C, Watt RG, Fuller E, Steele JG, Shen J, Morris S, Wildman J, Tsakos G. Socioeconomic position and subjective oral health: findings for the adult population in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:827.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1015_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-13-10","volume":"13","author":"JS de Paula","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Paula JS, Leite ICG, de Almeida AB, Ambrosano GMB, Mialhe FL. The impact of socioenvironmental characteristics on domains of oral health-related quality of life in Brazilian schoolchildren. BMC Oral Health. 2013;13:10.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"1015_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0070","volume":"31","author":"JS Paula","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paula JS, Cruz JND, Ramires TG, Ortega EMM, Mialhe FL. Longitudinal impact of clinical and socioenvironmental variables on oral health-related quality of life in adolescents. Braz Oral Res. 2017;31:e70.","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"1015_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2007.00347.x","volume":"35","author":"A Ismail","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ismail A, Sohn W, Tellez M, Amaya A, Sen A, Hasson H, Pitts N. The international caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS): an integrated system for measuring dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2007;35:170\u20138.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1015_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-017-2079-1","volume":"21","author":"\u00c1 Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez \u00c1, Irigoyen-Camacho ME, Borges-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez SA, Zepeda-Zepeda MA, Bolona-Gallardo I, Maupom\u00e9 G. Impact of caries and dental fluorosis on oral health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study in schoolchildren receiving water naturally fluoridated at above-optimal levels. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(9):2771\u201380.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"1015_CR34","first-page":"503","volume":"15","author":"L Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun L, Wong HM, McGrath CP. The relationship between the severity of malocclusion and Oral health related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2017;15:503\u201317.","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"1015_CR35","first-page":"417","volume":"13","author":"DC Oliveira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oliveira DC, Ferreira FM, de Almeida Castro Morosini I, Torres-Pereira CC, Paiva SM, Fraiz FC. Impact of Oral health status on the Oral health-related quality of life of Brazilian male incarcerated adolescents. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2015;13:417\u201325.","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"1015_CR36","first-page":"417","volume":"29","author":"AN Anosike","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anosike AN, Sanu OO, Da CO. Malocclusion and its impact on quality of life of school children in Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2010;29:417\u201324.","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"}],"container-title":["Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12955-018-1015-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12955-018-1015-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12955-018-1015-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T19:12:35Z","timestamp":1568661155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/hqlo.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12955-018-1015-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-018-1015-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-7525"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7525","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 April 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 September 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The ethical approval of this study was granted by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong\/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster (UW 09\u2013453). A written consent from parents\/primary caregivers and a verbal consent from students were obtained from all participants.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"187"}}