{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:28:53Z","timestamp":1790839733783,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]],"date-time":"2019-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574985600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]],"date-time":"2019-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006419","name":"EuroQol Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006419","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Qual Life Outcomes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the association between individual-level deprivation and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in the general population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from a population-based survey in the Canadian province of Alberta were used. Individual-level deprivation was assessed using the Canadian Deprivation Index (CDI) and the Ontario Deprivation Index (ODI). HRQL was assessed using the EQ-5D-5\u2009L. Differences in problems in the EQ-5D-5\u2009L dimensions, index and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores across levels of deprivation were examined. Multivariate logistic and linear regression models adjusted for socio-demographic and other characteristics were used to examine the independent association between deprivation and HRQL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 6314 respondents, 39% were aged between 18 and 44\u2009years and 38% between 45 and 64\u2009years; 60% were female. Mean EQ-5D-5\u2009L index and VAS scores were 0.85 (standard deviation [SD] 0.14) and 79.6 (SD 17.7), respectively. Almost one-third (30.6%) of respondents reported no problems on all EQ-5D-5\u2009L dimensions. Few participants reported some problems with mobility (23.8%), self-care (6.2%) and usual activities (25.2%), while 59.3 and 35.5% reported some levels of pain\/discomfort and anxiety\/depression, respectively. Differences between the most and least deprived in reporting problems in EQ-5D-5\u2009L dimensions, index and VAS scores were statistically significant and clinically important. In adjusted regression models for both deprivation indices, the least well-off, compared to the most well-off, had higher likelihood of reporting problems in all EQ-5D-5\u2009L dimensions. Compared to the most well-off, the least well-off had an EQ-5D-5\u2009L index score decrement of 0.18 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.01) and 0.17 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) for the CDI and ODI, respectively. Similarly, an inverse association was found between the VAS score and the CDI (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u200917.3,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) as well as the ODI (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u200913.3,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individual-level deprivation is associated with worse HRQL. Poverty reduction strategies should consider the effects of not only neighbourhood-level deprivation, but also that of individual-level deprivation to improve overall health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-019-1243-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]],"date-time":"2019-11-29T07:02:35Z","timestamp":1575010955000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The relationship between individual-level deprivation and health-related quality of life"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tahmid","family":"Kashem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Al Sayah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrews","family":"Tawiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arto","family":"Ohinmaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9650","key":"1243_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61690-6","volume":"372","author":"M Marmot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marmot M, Friel S, Bell R, Houweling TA, Taylor S. Commission on social determinants of health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Lancet. 2008;372(9650):1661\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1243_CR2","unstructured":"Mikkonen J, Raphael D. Social determinants of health: the Canadian facts: York University, School of Health Policy and Management; 2010."},{"issue":"4","key":"1243_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.29.4.05","volume":"29","author":"R Pampalon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pampalon R, Hamel D, Gamache P, Raymond G. A deprivation index for health planning in Canada. Chronic Dis Can. 2009;29(4):178\u201391.","journal-title":"Chronic Dis Can"},{"issue":"3","key":"1243_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2003.0039","volume":"46","author":"JP Mackenbach","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mackenbach JP, Howden-Chapman P. New perspectives on socioeconomic inequalities in health. Perspect Biol Med. 2003;46(3):428\u201344.","journal-title":"Perspect Biol Med"},{"key":"1243_CR5","unstructured":"Matern R, Oliphant M, Mendelson M. Developing a deprivation index: the research process: Caledon Institute of Social Policy; 2009."},{"issue":"4","key":"1243_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040426","volume":"14","author":"MB Huber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huber MB, Felix J, Vogelmann M, Leidl R. Health-related quality of life of the general German population in 2015: results from the EQ-5D-5L. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(4):426.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"1243_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1962-9","volume":"27","author":"H Short","year":"2018","unstructured":"Short H, Al Sayah F, Ohinmaa A, Lahtinen M, Johnson JA. The relationship of neighbourhood-level material and social deprivation with health-related quality of life. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(12):3265\u201374.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"1243_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0188736","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188736","volume":"12","author":"V Rocha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rocha V, Ribeiro AI, Severo M, Barros H, Fraga S. Neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation and health-related quality of life: a multilevel analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0188736.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1243_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respe.2013.06.001","volume":"61","author":"J Kivits","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kivits J, Erpelding ML, Guillemin F. Social determinants of health-related quality of life. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2013;61:S189\u201394.","journal-title":"Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique"},{"issue":"9","key":"1243_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-204513","volume":"69","author":"M Jokela","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jokela M. Does neighbourhood deprivation cause poor health? Within-individual analysis of movers in a prospective cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015 Sep 1;69(9):899\u2013904.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"1243_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2013.10.001","volume":"24","author":"K Tomey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tomey K, Roux AV, Clarke P, Seeman T. Associations between neighborhood characteristics and self-rated health: a cross-sectional investigation in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort. Health Place. 2013;24:267\u201374.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"4","key":"1243_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.4.363","volume":"153","author":"H Bosma","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bosma H, Dike van de Mheen H, Borsboom GJ, Mackenbach JP. Neighborhood socioeconomic status and all-cause mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153(4):363\u201371.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1243_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.176.3.243","volume":"176","author":"JI Van Os","year":"2000","unstructured":"Van Os JI, Driessen GE, Gunther N, Delespaul P. Neighbourhood variation in incidence of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;176(3):243\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1243_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799001464","volume":"30","author":"TJ Croudace","year":"2000","unstructured":"Croudace TJ, Kayne R, Jones PB, Harrison GL. Non-linear relationship between an index of social deprivation, psychiatric admission prevalence and the incidence of psychosis. Psychol Med. 2000;30(1):177\u201385.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1243_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009191","volume":"146","author":"AV Diez-Roux","year":"1997","unstructured":"Diez-Roux AV, Nieto FJ, Muntaner C, Tyroler HA, Comstock GW, Shahar E, Cooper LS, Watson RL, Szklo M. Neighborhood environments and coronary heart disease: a multilevel analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146(1):48\u201363.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1243_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450205","volume":"345","author":"AV Roux","year":"2001","unstructured":"Roux AV, Merkin SS, Arnett D, Chambless L, Massing M, Nieto FJ, Sorlie P, Szklo M, Tyroler HA, Watson RL. Neighborhood of residence and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(2):99\u2013106.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1243_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.4.246","volume":"55","author":"AC Kalff","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kalff AC, Kroes M, Vles JS, Hendriksen JG, Feron FJ, Steyaert J, Van Zeben TM, Jolles J, van Os J. Neighbourhood level and individual level SES effects on child problem behaviour: a multilevel analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001;55(4):246\u201350.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1243_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1086\/230268","volume":"99","author":"J Brooks-Gunn","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brooks-Gunn J, Duncan GJ, Klebanov PK, Sealand N. Do neighborhoods influence child and adolescent development? Am J Sociol. 1993;99(2):353\u201395.","journal-title":"Am J Sociol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1243_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg084","volume":"32","author":"M Stafford","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stafford M, Marmot M. Neighbourhood deprivation and health: does it affect us all equally? Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(3):357\u201366.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1243_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.12.935","volume":"56","author":"SA Reijneveld","year":"2002","unstructured":"Reijneveld SA. Neighbourhood socioeconomic context and self reported health and smoking: a secondary analysis of data on seven cities. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56(12):935\u201342.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"1243_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.043281","volume":"60","author":"J Pearce","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pearce J, Witten K, Bartie P. Neighbourhoods and health: a GIS approach to measuring community resource accessibility. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60(5):389\u201395.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"7268","key":"1243_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7268.1057","volume":"321","author":"A Majeed","year":"2000","unstructured":"Majeed A, Bardsley M, Morgan D, O'sullivan C, Bindman AB. Cross sectional study of primary care groups in London: association of measures of socioeconomic and health status with hospital admission rates. BMJ. 2000;321(7268):1057\u201360.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1243_CR23","unstructured":"Hamel D, Pampalon R. Trauma and deprivation in Qu\u00e9bec: Institut national de sant\u00e9 publique du Qu\u00e9bec; 2002."},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"1243_CR24","first-page":"57","volume":"24","author":"J Martinez","year":"2003","unstructured":"Martinez J, Pampalon R, Hamel D. Deprivation and stroke mortality in Quebec. Chronic Dis Inj Can. 2003;24(2\/3):57.","journal-title":"Chronic Dis Inj Can"},{"issue":"8","key":"1243_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.12.010","volume":"64","author":"MD Philibert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Philibert MD, Pampalon R, Hamel D, Thouez JP, Loiselle CG. Material and social deprivation and health and social services utilisation in Quebec: a local-scale evaluation system. Soc Sci Med. 2007;64(8):1651\u201364.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"1243_CR26","volume-title":"Alberta Community Health Survey","author":"Alberta Government","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alberta Government. Alberta Community Health Survey. 2016. Available From https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/opendata\/alberta-community-health-survey-achs-telephone-conducted. Accessed 9 July 2017."},{"key":"1243_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78665-0_5","volume-title":"Handbook of disease burdens and quality of life measures","author":"N Gusi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gusi N, Olivares PR, Rajendram R. The EQ-5D health-related quality of life questionnaire. In: Handbook of disease burdens and quality of life measures; 2010. p. 87\u201399."},{"issue":"10","key":"1243_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9903-x","volume":"20","author":"M Herdman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Herdman M, Gudex C, Lloyd A, Janssen MF, Kind P, Parkin D, Bonsel G, Badia X. Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). Qual Life Res. 2011;20(10):1727\u201336.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1243_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000447","volume":"54","author":"F Xie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xie F, Pullenayegum E, Gaebel K, Bansback N, Bryan S, Ohinmaa A, Poissant L, Johnson JA. A time trade-off-derived value set of the EQ-5D-5L for Canada. Med Care. 2016;54(1):98.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"1243_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.11.015","volume":"20","author":"NS McClure","year":"2017","unstructured":"McClure NS, Al Sayah F, Xie F, Luo N, Johnson JA. Instrument-defined estimates of the minimally important difference for EQ-5D-5L index scores. Value Health. 2017;20(4):644\u201350.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"1243_CR31","volume-title":"Canadian Deprivation Index","author":"Alberta Government","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alberta Government. Canadian Deprivation Index. 2015. Available From: https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/opendata\/canadian-deprivation-index-cdi-alberta#summary. Accessed 19 July 2017."},{"key":"1243_CR32","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences Lawrence Earlbaum associates. Hillsdale; 1988. p. 20\u20136."},{"issue":"6967","key":"1243_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6967.1487","volume":"309","author":"JP Mackenbach","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mackenbach JP. Socioeconomic inequalities in health in the Netherlands: impact of a five year research programme. BMJ. 1994;309(6967):1487\u201391.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"7026","key":"1243_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7026.287","volume":"312","author":"J Eachus","year":"1996","unstructured":"Eachus J, Williams M, Chan P, Smith GD, Grainge M, Donovan J, Frankel S. Deprivation and cause specific morbidity: evidence from the Somerset and Avon survey of health. BMJ. 1996;312(7026):287\u201392.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"5","key":"1243_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.069443","volume":"97","author":"AF Brown","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brown AF, Ang A, Pebley AR. The relationship between neighborhood characteristics and self-rated health for adults with chronic conditions. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(5):926\u201332.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"624","key":"1243_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e440","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp14X680545","volume":"64","author":"G McLean","year":"2014","unstructured":"McLean G, Gunn J, Wyke S, Guthrie B, Watt GC, Blane DN, Mercer SW. The influence of socioeconomic deprivation on multimorbidity at different ages: a cross-sectional study. Br J Gen Pract. 2014;64(624):e440\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"12","key":"1243_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-003-0690-8","volume":"38","author":"M Drukker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Drukker M, van Os J. Mediators of neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation and quality of life. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2003;38(12):698\u2013706.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1243_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2007.10.003","volume":"14","author":"W Poortinga","year":"2008","unstructured":"Poortinga W, Dunstan FD, Fone DL. Neighbourhood deprivation and self-rated health: the role of perceptions of the neighbourhood and of housing problems. Health Place. 2008;14(3):562\u201375.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"3","key":"1243_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.3.428","volume":"92","author":"RE Lee","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lee RE, Cubbin C. Neighborhood context and youth cardiovascular health behaviors. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(3):428\u201336.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1243_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03859.x","volume":"53","author":"JK Peat","year":"1998","unstructured":"Peat JK, Dickerson J, Li J. Effects of damp and mould in the home on respiratory health: a review of the literature. Allergy. 1998;53(2):120\u20138.","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"issue":"8946","key":"1243_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90336-4","volume":"345","author":"KT Khaw","year":"1995","unstructured":"Khaw KT. Temperature and cardiovascular mortality. Lancet. 1995;345(8946):337\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1243_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.50.1.56","volume":"50","author":"JL Hopton","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hopton JL, Hunt SM. Housing conditions and mental health in a disadvantaged area in Scotland. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1996;50(1):56\u201361.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"1243_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00096-4","volume":"51","author":"M Bobak","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bobak M, Pikhart H, Rose R, Hertzman C, Marmot M. Socioeconomic factors, material inequalities, and perceived control in self-rated health: cross-sectional data from seven post-communist countries. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51(9):1343\u201350.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"1243_CR44","unstructured":"Eric Notebook. Cross-sectional Studies. [Second Edition] Available From: https:\/\/sph.unc.edu\/files\/2015\/07\/nciph_ERIC8.pdf. Accessed 29 July 2017."},{"key":"1243_CR45","unstructured":"Together We Raise Tomorrow. Alberta\u2019s Poverty Reduction Strategy. Discussion Paper. 2013. Available From: https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/11df4303-b795-4c7d-a2bf-5dc1c70fdf24\/resource\/28faa2ba-8242-4f10-af69-94e8be659a73\/download\/6881615-2013-Together-We-Raise-Tomorrow-Albertas-Poverty-Reduction-Strategy-2013-06.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2017."},{"key":"1243_CR46","unstructured":"Together We Raise Tomorrow. Alberta\u2019s Poverty Reduction Strategy. Summing Up. 2013. Available From: http:\/\/www.humanservices.alberta.ca\/documents\/spf-summing-up-poverty-reduction.pdf. Accessed 5 Aug 2017."}],"container-title":["Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12955-019-1243-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12955-019-1243-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12955-019-1243-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T19:25:42Z","timestamp":1606505142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/hqlo.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12955-019-1243-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-019-1243-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-7525"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7525","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the health research ethics board at the University of Alberta.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"A written consent was obtained from all participants in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Fatima Al Sayah, Arto Ohinmaa, and Jeffrey Johnson are members of the EuroQol Group; Jeffrey Johnson is on the Board of Directors for the EuroQol Research Foundation. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"176"}}