{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:09:31Z","timestamp":1777388971232,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616371200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8174356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8174356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Project of Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research","award":["WDCM2018002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WDCM2018002"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research","award":["WDCM2018002;WDCM2019017;WDCM2019018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WDCM2018002;WDCM2019017;WDCM2019018"]}]},{"name":"the Key Discipline Project of Hubei University of Medicine, and the Foundation for Innovative Research Team of Hubei University of Medicine","award":["2018YHKT01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YHKT01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Qual Life Outcomes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>More than 210,000 medical workers have fought against the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei in China since December 2019. However, the prevalence of mental health problems in frontline medical staff after fighting COVID-19 is still unknown.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Medical workers in Wuhan and other cities in Hubei Province were invited to participate a cross-sectional and convenience\u00a0sampling online survey, which assessed the prevalence of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 1,091 responses (33% male and 67% female) were valid for statistical analysis. The prevalence was anxiety 53%, insomnia 79%, depression 56%, and PTSD 11%. Healthcare workers in Wuhan were more likely to face risks of anxiety (56% vs. 52%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03) and PTSD (15% vs. 9%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03) than those in other cities of Hubei. In terms of educational attainment, those with doctoral and masters\u2019 (D\/M) degrees may experience more anxiety (median of 7.0, [interquartile range (IQR) 2.0\u20138.5] vs. median 5.0 [IQR 5.0\u20138.0], <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02) and PTSD (median 26.0 [IQR 19.5\u201333.0] vs. median 23.0 [IQR 19.0\u201331.0], <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04) than those with lower educational degrees.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The mental problems were an important issue for the healthcare workers after COVID-19. Thus, an early intervention on such mental problems is necessary for healthcare workers.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-021-01743-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T12:03:25Z","timestamp":1616414605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Prevalence of mental health problems in frontline healthcare workers after the first outbreak of COVID-19 in China: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Wen-Ping","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Wei","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Bing","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-Liang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya-Jun","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben-Hong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minglun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-Xi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0769-2874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan-Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Yuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"1743_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.250.271","volume":"250","author":"S Baloch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baloch S, Baloch MA, Zheng T, Pei X. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2020;250:271\u20138.","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"1743_CR2","unstructured":"NHCotPsRoC (NHCPRC). Data update on May 14th for COVID-19, 2020 http:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/xcs\/yqtb\/202005\/d2059dd74f8e4e469c1ad3fb6cf0e3af.shtml. Accessed 6 Nov 2020"},{"key":"1743_CR3","unstructured":"HCoHP (HCHB). Data update for COVID-19 in Hubei (May 14th-2020 ), 2020 http:\/\/wjw.hubei.gov.cn\/bmdt\/dtyw\/202005\/t20200515_2274304.shtml. Accessed 6 Nov 2020"},{"key":"1743_CR4","unstructured":"Zhang N. Director of Health Commission of Hubei Province: more than 170,000 medical staff of Hubei Province working at the first line fighting COVID-19 2020 https:\/\/wxn.qq.com\/cmsid\/20200129A0HPXF00. Accessed 2 Jun 2020"},{"key":"1743_CR5","unstructured":"Yao C, Xu B: White soldiers for fighting COVID-19. In: Health News. Beijing: Health News; 2020."},{"key":"1743_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02926-2","volume":"24","author":"X Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen X, Zou X, Zhong X, Yan J, Li L. Psychological stress of ICU nurses in the time of COVID-19. Critical Care (London, England). 2020;24:200.","journal-title":"Critical Care (London, England)"},{"key":"1743_CR7","first-page":"m1642","volume":"369","author":"S Kisely","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kisely S, Warren N, McMahon L, Dalais C, Henry I, Siskind D. Occurrence, prevention, and management of the psychological effects of emerging virus outbreaks on healthcare workers: rapid review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2020;369:m1642.","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed)"},{"key":"1743_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2010185","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.10185","volume":"3","author":"R Rossi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rossi R, Socci V, Pacitti F, Di Lorenzo G, Di Marco A, Siracusano A, Rossi A. Mental health outcomes among frontline and second-line health care workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Italy. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2010185.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1743_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112954","volume":"288","author":"Y Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112954.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1743_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30047-X","volume":"7","author":"L Kang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, Chen M, Yang C, Yang BX, Wang Y, Hu J, Lai J, Ma X, et al. The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:e14.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1743_CR11","unstructured":"(HCHB) HCoHP. Daily Report of COVID-19 on May 15, 2020, 2020 http:\/\/wjw.hubei.gov.cn\/bmdt\/dtyw\/202005\/t20200516_2275699.shtml. Accessed 29 Oct 2020"},{"key":"1743_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.06.031","volume":"275","author":"Q Cai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cai Q, Feng H, Huang J, Wang M, Wang Q, Lu X, Xie Y, Wang X, Liu Z, Hou B, et al. The mental health of frontline and non-frontline medical workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: A case-control study. J Affect Disord. 2020;275:210\u20135.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1743_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e203976","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976","volume":"3","author":"J Lai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, Wu J, Du H, Chen T, Li R, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e203976.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1743_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112921","volume":"287","author":"N Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L, Wu L, Sun Z, Zhou Y, Wang Y, et al. Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112921.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1743_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12103","volume":"5","author":"YL Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang YL, Liang W, Chen ZM, Zhang HM, Zhang JH, Weng XQ, Yang SC, Zhang L, Shen LJ, Zhang YL. Validity and reliability of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Patient Health Questionnaire-2 to screen for depression among college students in China. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry. 2013;5:268\u201375.","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific Psychiatry"},{"key":"1743_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2005.12.006","volume":"41","author":"TP Su","year":"2007","unstructured":"Su TP, Lien TC, Yang CY, Su YL, Wang JH, Tsai SL, Yin JC. Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity and psychological adaptation of the nurses in a structured SARS caring unit during outbreak: a prospective and periodic assessment study in Taiwan. J Psychiatr Res. 2007;41:119\u201330.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1743_CR17","first-page":"567","volume":"15","author":"L Yang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yang L, Wu X, Zhang Y, Li M, Liu G, Gao Y, Deng Z, He J, He M. Mental health status of medical staffs fighting SARS a long-dated invesitigation. Zhongguo Jiankang Xinlixue Zazhi. 2007;15:567\u20139.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Jiankang Xinlixue Zazhi"},{"key":"1743_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.026","volume":"88","author":"S Pappa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pappa S, Ntella V, Giannakas T, Giannakoulis VG, Papoutsi E, Katsaounou P. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:901\u20137.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"1743_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30168-1","volume":"7","author":"EA Holmes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holmes EA, O\u2019Connor RC, Perry VH, Tracey I, Wessely S, Arseneault L, Ballard C, Christensen H, Cohen Silver R, Everall I, et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:547\u201360.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1743_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113267","volume":"291","author":"LZ Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li LZ, Wang S. Prevalence and predictors of general psychiatric disorders and loneliness during COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113267.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1743_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S195131","volume":"12","author":"C Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu C, Wang L, Qi R, Wang W, Jia S, Shang D, Shao Y, Yu M, Zhu X, Yan S, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of depression and anxiety among doctoral students: the mediating effect of mentoring relationships on the association between research self-efficacy and depression\/anxiety. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2019;12:195\u2013208.","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"key":"1743_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584240","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.584240","volume":"11","author":"AY Lai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lai AY, Lee L, Wang MP, Feng Y, Lai TT, Ho LM, Lam VS, Ip MS, Lam TH. Mental Health Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on International University Students, Related Stressors, and Coping Strategies. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:584240.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"1743_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e193447","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.3447","volume":"2","author":"R Polimanti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Polimanti R, Ratanatharathorn A, Maihofer AX, Choi KW, Stein MB, Morey RA, Logue MW, Nievergelt CM, Stein DJ, Koenen KC, et al. Association of economic status and educational attainment with posttraumatic stress disorder: A Mendelian Randomization Study. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2:e193447.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1743_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.028","volume":"87","author":"L Kang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, Yang J, Wang Y, Li R, Yao L, Bai H, Cai Z, Xiang Yang B, et al. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: a cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:11\u20137.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"1743_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu ZR, Han B, Jiang RM, Huang YQ, Ma C, Wen J, Zhang TT, Wang Y, Chen HG, Ma YC. Mental health status of doctors and nurses during COVID-19 epidemic in China (3\/4\/2020), 2020 https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3551329. Accessed","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3551329"}],"container-title":["Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12955-021-01743-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12955-021-01743-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12955-021-01743-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T12:05:03Z","timestamp":1616414703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/hqlo.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12955-021-01743-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1743"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-021-01743-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-7525"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7525","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Renmin Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine with the number SYRMYY2020-012.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"103"}}