{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T04:05:59Z","timestamp":1786421159039,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Qual Life Outcomes"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Health economic evaluation is critical in supporting novel cardiovascular disease therapies. However, most clinical studies do not include preference-based questionnaires to calculate utilities for health economic evaluations. Thus, this study aimed to develop mapping algorithms that convert the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) to EQ-5D-5L health utility scores for patients with coronary health disease (CHD) in China.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Data were obtained from a longitudinal study of patients with CHD conducted at the Tianjin Medical University General Hospital in China. Convenience sampling was used to recruit patients with CHD. The inclusion criteria were having been diagnosed with CHD through a medical examination and being aged 18 years or older. The exclusion criteria were a lack of comprehension ability, serious comorbidities, mental illness, and hearing or vision impairment. All eligible patients were invited to participate, and 305 and 75 patients participated at baseline and in the follow-up, respectively. Seven regression models were developed using a direct approach. Furthermore, we predicted the five EQ-5D items using ordered logit model and derived the utility score from predicted responses using an indirect approach. Model performances were evaluated using mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (\u03c1), and Lin\u2019s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). A five-fold cross-validation method was used to evaluate internal validation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The average age was 63.04 years, and 53.72% of the included patients were male. Most (70.05%) patients had unstable angina pectoris, and the mean illness duration was 2.50 years. The EQ-5D scores were highly correlated with five subscales of the SAQ, with Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficients ranging from 0.6184 to 0.7093. The mixture beta model outperformed the other regression models in the direct approach, with the lowest MAE and RMSE and highest \u03c1 and CCC. The ordered logit model in the indirect approach performed the same as the mixture beta regression with equal MAE, lower RMSE, and higher \u03c1 and CCC.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Mapping algorithms developed using mixture beta and ordered logit models accurately converted SAQ scores to EQ-5D-5L health utility values, which could support health economic evaluations related to coronary heart disease.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-023-02151-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T13:03:00Z","timestamp":1688389380000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Mapping the Seattle Angina Questionnaire to EQ-5D-5L in patients with coronary heart disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Chaofan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2151_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz143","volume":"48","author":"AD Lopez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lopez AD, Adair T. Is the long-term decline in cardiovascular-disease mortality in high-income countries over? Evidence from national vital statistics. Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48:1815\u201323.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2151_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2020.03.020","volume":"23","author":"Y Hagiwara","year":"2020","unstructured":"World Health Organization:\u00a0Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds) (2021). Accessed 10 Dec 2022.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"2151_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2016.06.33","volume":"4","author":"F Sanchis-Gomar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sanchis-Gomar F, Perez-Quilis C, Leischik R, Lucia A. Epidemiology of coronary heart disease and acute coronary syndrome. Ann Transl Med. 2016;4:256.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"2151_CR4","unstructured":"National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, China. Annual Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China 2019. Beijing; 2021."},{"key":"2151_CR5","first-page":"38","volume":"39","author":"X Yue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yue X, Liming L, Xiaowei M, Wei C. Accounting results and analysis of Coronary Heart Disease Treatment cost in Beijing based on \u201cSHA 2011. Chin Health Econ. 2020;39:38\u201340.","journal-title":"Chin Health Econ"},{"key":"2151_CR6","first-page":"326","volume":"15","author":"S Jiayi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiayi S, Qiuju D, Moning G, Jie C, Feng L, Piaopiao H, Jing L. Trends of the hospitalization rates for coronary heart disease in Beijing from 2013 to 2019. Capital J Public Health. 2021;15:326\u20139.","journal-title":"Capital J Public Health"},{"key":"2151_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0119-4","volume":"16","author":"D Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao D, Liu J, Wang M, Zhang X, Zhou M. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in China: current features and implications. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019;16:203\u201312.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2151_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-013-0032-y","volume":"31","author":"D Husereau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Husereau D, Drummond M, Petrou S, Carswell C, Moher D, Greenberg D, Augustovski F, Loder AHBJME, Force IHEEPG-CGRPT. Consolidated Health Economic evaluation reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement. PharmacoEconomics. 2013;31:6.","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"2151_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2013.05.006","volume":"16","author":"S Kularatna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kularatna S, Whitty JA, Johnson NW, Scuffham PA. Health state valuation in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of the literature. Value Health. 2013;16:1091\u20139.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"2151_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-019-00467-6","volume":"17","author":"C Mukuria","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mukuria C, Rowen D, Harnan S, Rawdin A, Wong R, Ara R, Brazier J. An updated systematic review of Studies Mapping (or Cross-Walking) measures of Health-Related quality of life to generic preference-based measures to Generate Utility values. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2019;17:295\u2013313.","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"},{"key":"2151_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-8-13","volume":"8","author":"MT Dyer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dyer MT, Goldsmith KA, Sharples LS, Buxton MJ. A review of health utilities using the EQ-5D in studies of cardiovascular disease. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2010;8:13.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2151_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.11.006","volume":"20","author":"AJ Wailoo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wailoo AJ, Hernandez-Alava M, Manca A, Mejia A, Ray J, Crawford B, Botteman M, Busschbach J. Mapping to Estimate Health-State Utility from Non-Preference-Based Outcome Measures: an ISPOR Good Practices for Outcomes Research Task Force Report. Value Health. 2017;20:18\u201327.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"2151_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vhri.2020.12.008","volume":"24","author":"Q Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun Q, Zhang F. Current status of Research on the mapping function of Health Utility values in the Asia Pacific Region: a systematic review. Value Health Reg Issues. 2021;24:224\u201339.","journal-title":"Value Health Reg Issues"},{"key":"2151_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2010.09.048","volume":"149","author":"B Cepeda-Valery","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cepeda-Valery B, Cheong AP, Lee A, Yan BP. Measuring health related quality of life in coronary heart disease: the importance of feeling well. Int J Cardiol. 2011;149:4\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2151_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.2849","volume":"3","author":"JA Spertus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spertus JA, Arnold SV. The evolution of patient-reported outcomes in clinical trials and management of patients with coronary artery disease: 20 years with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3:1035\u20136.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"2151_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.2861","volume":"3","author":"AJ Kirtane","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kirtane AJ. The importance of listening to patients: the Seattle Angina Questionnaire. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3:1037.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"2151_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X10386800","volume":"31","author":"HC Wijeysundera","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wijeysundera HC, Tomlinson G, Norris CM, Ghali WA, Ko DT, Krahn MD. Predicting EQ-5D utility scores from the Seattle Angina Questionnaire in coronary artery disease: a mapping algorithm using a bayesian framework. Med Decis Making. 2011;31:481\u201393.","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"2151_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-8-54","volume":"8","author":"KA Goldsmith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goldsmith KA, Dyer MT, Buxton MJ, Sharples LD. Mapping of the EQ-5D index from clinical outcome measures and demographic variables in patients with coronary heart disease. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2010;8:54.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2151_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S63187","volume":"6","author":"HC Wijeysundera","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wijeysundera HC, Farshchi-Zarabi S, Witteman W, Bennell MC. Conversion of the Seattle Angina Questionnaire into EQ-5D utilities for ischemic heart disease: a systematic review and catalog of the literature. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2014;6:253\u201368.","journal-title":"Clinicoecon Outcomes Res"},{"key":"2151_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S347681","volume":"16","author":"L Dou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dou L, Mao Z, Fu Q, Chen G, Li S. Health-Related Quality of Life and its influencing factors in patients with Coronary Heart Disease in China. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2022;16:781\u201395.","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"2151_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0200-0","volume":"22","author":"N Luo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luo N, Li M, Liu GG, Lloyd A, de Charro F, Herdman M. Developing the Chinese version of the new 5-level EQ-5D descriptive system: the response scaling approach. Qual Life Res. 2013;22:885\u201390.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2151_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.11.016","volume":"20","author":"N Luo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luo N, Liu G, Li M, Guan H, Jin X, Rand-Hendriksen K. Estimating an EQ-5D-5L value set for China. Value Health. 2017;20:662\u20139.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"2151_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)00397-9","volume":"25","author":"JA Spertus","year":"1995","unstructured":"Spertus JA, Winder JA, Dewhurst TA, Deyo RA, Prodzinski J, McDonnell M, Fihn SD. Development and evaluation of the Seattle Angina questionnaire: a new functional status measure for coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:333\u201341.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2151_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcab014","volume":"7","author":"M Thomas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomas M, Jones PG, Cohen DJ, Suzanne AV, Magnuson EA, Wang K, Thourani VH, Fonarow GC, Sandhu AT, Spertus JA. Predicting the EQ-5D utilities from the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire in patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2021;7:388\u201396.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"2151_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2012.10.010","volume":"16","author":"L Longworth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Longworth L, Rowen D. Mapping to obtain EQ-5D utility values for use in NICE health technology assessments. Value Health. 2013;16:202\u201310.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"2151_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-017-0548-7","volume":"35","author":"R Ara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ara R, Rowen D, Mukuria C. The Use of Mapping to Estimate Health State Utility values. PharmacoEconomics. 2017;35:57\u201366.","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"2151_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X05284108","volume":"26","author":"AM Gray","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gray AM, Rivero-Arias O, Clarke PM. Estimating the association between SF-12 responses and EQ-5D utility values by response mapping. Med Decis Making. 2006;26:18\u201329.","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"2151_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1981-6","volume":"27","author":"AN Lamu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lamu AN, Olsen JA. Testing alternative regression models to predict utilities: mapping the QLQ-C30 onto the EQ-5D-5L and the SF-6D. Qual Life Res. 2018;27:2823\u201339.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2151_CR29","unstructured":"Hardin J, Hilbe J. Generalized Linear Models and Extesions, 3rd Edition. 2012."},{"key":"2151_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-021-03051-5","volume":"31","author":"RH Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu RH, Dong D, Luo N, Wong EL, Yang R, Liu J, Yuan H, Zhang S. Mapping the Haem-A-QoL to the EQ-5D-5L in patients with hemophilia. Qual Life Res. 2022;31:1533\u201344.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2151_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-014-0134-z","volume":"12","author":"G Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen G, Stevens K, Rowen D, Ratcliffe J. From KIDSCREEN-10 to CHU9D: creating a unique mapping algorithm for application in economic evaluation. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014;12:134.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2151_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2017.09.017","volume":"21","author":"LA Gray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gray LA, Hernandez Alava M, Wailoo AJ. Development of methods for the Mapping of Utilities using mixture models: mapping the AQLQ-S to the EQ-5D-5L and the HUI3 in patients with asthma. Value Health. 2018;21:748\u201357.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"2151_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2011.12.014","volume":"15","author":"M Hernandez Alava","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hernandez Alava M, Wailoo AJ, Ara R. Tails from the peak district: adjusted limited dependent variable mixture models of EQ-5D questionnaire health state utility values. Value Health. 2012;15:550\u201361.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"2151_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1801800105","volume":"18","author":"A Gray, Laura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gray, Laura A, Alava, Monica. Hernandez: a command for fitting mixture regression models for bounded dependent variables using the beta distribution. Stata J. 2018;18:51\u201375.","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"2151_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00b4andez-Alava Mo, Wailoo A. ALDVMM A command for fitting adjusted limited dependent variable mixture models to EQ-5D. The Stata Journal 2015.","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1501500307"},{"key":"2151_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-021-01287-z","volume":"22","author":"AA Shafie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shafie AA, Chhabra IK, Wong JHY, Mohammed NS. Mapping PedsQL generic core scales to EQ-5D-3L utility scores in transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients. Eur J Health Econ. 2021;22:735\u201347.","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"},{"key":"2151_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-015-0312-9","volume":"33","author":"S Petrou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petrou S, Rivero-Arias O, Dakin H, Longworth L, Oppe M, Froud R, Gray A. The MAPS Reporting Statement for Studies Mapping onto generic preference-based outcome measures: explanation and elaboration. PharmacoEconomics. 2015;33:993\u20131011.","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"2151_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-013-0396-7","volume":"22","author":"X Badia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Badia X, Roset M, Valassi E, Franz H, Forsythe A, Webb SM. Mapping CushingQOL scores to EQ-5D utility values using data from the European Registry on Cushing\u2019s syndrome (ERCUSYN). Qual Life Res. 2013;22:2941\u201350.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2151_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2307\/2532051","volume":"45","author":"LI Lin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lin LI. A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility. Biometrics. 1989;45:255\u201368.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2151_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3354\/cr030079","volume":"30","author":"CJ Willmott","year":"2005","unstructured":"Willmott CJ, Matsuura K. Advantages of the mean absolute error (MAE) over the root mean square error (RMSE) in assessing average model performance. Climate Res. 2005;30:79\u201382.","journal-title":"Climate Res"},{"key":"2151_CR41","unstructured":"Brassington G. Mean absolute error and root mean square error: which is the better metric for assessing model performance? In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. 2017: 3574."},{"key":"2151_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s40271-020-00422-x","volume":"13","author":"T Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu T, Li S, Wang M, Sun Q, Chen G. Mapping the Chinese Version of the EORTC QLQ-BR53 onto the EQ-5D-5L and SF-6D utility scores. Patient. 2020;13:537\u201355.","journal-title":"Patient"},{"key":"2151_CR43","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: release 15. College Station","author":"StataCorp","year":"2017","unstructured":"StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: release 15. College Station. TX: StataCorp LLC; 2017."},{"key":"2151_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-020-01259-9","volume":"22","author":"L Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao L, Luo W, Tonmukayakul U, Moodie M, Chen G. Mapping MacNew Heart Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire onto country-specific EQ-5D-5L utility scores: a comparison of traditional regression models with a machine learning technique. Eur J Health Econ. 2021;22:341\u201350.","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"}],"container-title":["Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12955-023-02151-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12955-023-02151-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12955-023-02151-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T13:04:38Z","timestamp":1688389478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/hqlo.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12955-023-02151-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-023-02151-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-7525"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7525","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Review Board of the School of Health Care Management, Shandong University (No. ECSHCMSDU20191002). This research adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the studies.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"64"}}