{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T18:19:10Z","timestamp":1790965150178,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Qual Life Outcomes"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Child Oral Health Impact Profile Short Form 19 (COHIP-SF 19) is widely used to assess oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). However, its psychometric properties have not been evaluated in Korea. This study aimed to examine the factor structure of the Korean COHIP-SF 19 and to assess its reliability and validity in schoolchildren.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were obtained from 980 fourth-grade elementary school students (aged 10\u2009years) participating in a 2023 national oral health program. Children completed the COHIP-SF 19 online, and clinical examinations recorded caries, malocclusion, gingivitis, and oral hygiene status. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach\u2019s alpha, corrected item-total correlations, and test\u2013retest intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Convergent and discriminant validity were evaluated using self-rated oral health, perceived treatment need, and clinical findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exploratory factor analysis supported a four-factor solution with separation of the self-image subscale. Confirmatory factor analysis showed better fit for the modified model than the original structure. The total score demonstrated excellent test\u2013retest reliability (ICC\u2009=\u20090.905). Cronbach\u2019s alpha for the 19 items was 0.729, with higher values in the modified model. Convergent validity was confirmed by correlations with self-rated oral health and treatment need. Discriminant validity was supported: children with caries or malocclusion had lower scores, whereas gingivitis and oral hygiene showed no associations. Gender differences appeared only in the modified model, with girls reporting lower functional well-being and social well-being scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Korean COHIP-SF 19 demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties in 10-year-old schoolchildren. The modified model showed improved structural validity, higher internal consistency, and better subgroup discrimination, including by gender. These findings support its use in clinical and epidemiological research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-026-02540-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T11:14:34Z","timestamp":1778325274000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Psychometric evaluation of the Korean version of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile Short Form (COHIP-SF 19): a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ji-Soo","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10194","key":"2540_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31146-8","volume":"394","author":"MA Peres","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peres MA, Macpherson LMD, Weyant RJ, Daly B, Venturelli R, Mathur MR, et al. Oral diseases: a global public health challenge. Lancet. 2019;394(10194):249\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31146-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"2540_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511399918","volume":"90","author":"L Sischo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sischo L, Broder HL. Oral health-related quality of life: what, why, how, and future implications. J Dent Res. 2011;90(11):1264\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034511399918.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2540_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.07.004","volume":"74","author":"HH Chai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chai HH, Gao SS, Chen KJ, Lo ECM, Duangthip D, Chu CH. Tools evaluating child oral health\u2013related quality of life. Int Dent J. 2024;74(1):15\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2023.07.004.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2540_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16241-2","volume":"23","author":"\u00cdGM Chimbinha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chimbinha \u00cdGM, Ferreira BNC, Miranda GP, Guedes RS. Oral-health-related quality of life in adolescents: umbrella review. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-16241-2.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"s1","key":"2540_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2007.00401.x","volume":"35","author":"HL Broder","year":"2007","unstructured":"Broder HL, McGrath C, Cisneros GJ. Questionnaire development: face validity and item impact testing of the child oral health impact profile. Comm Dent Oral Epid. 2007;35(s1):8\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2007.00401.x.","journal-title":"Comm Dent Oral Epid"},{"issue":"2","key":"2540_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12243","volume":"124","author":"YI Cho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cho YI, Lee S, Patton LL, Kim HY. Confirmatory factor analysis of the child oral health impact profile (Korean version). Eur J Oral Sci. 2016;124(2):172\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eos.12243.","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2540_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2011.01197.x","volume":"22","author":"YS Ahn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahn YS, Kim HY, Hong SM, Patton LL, Kim JH, Noh HJ. Validation of a Korean version of the child oral health impact profile (COHIP) among 8- to 15-year-old school children. Int J Paed Dentistry. 2012;22(4):292\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2011.01197.x.","journal-title":"Int J Paed Dentistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2540_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2012.00338.x","volume":"72","author":"HL Broder","year":"2012","unstructured":"Broder HL, Wilson-Genderson M, Sischo L. Reliability and validity testing for the child oral health impact profile-reduced (COHIP-SF 19). J Public Health Dent. 2012;72(4):302\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2012.00338.x.","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"2540_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02370-4","volume":"22","author":"A Skandrani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Skandrani A, El Osta N, Pichot H, Eschevins C, Pereira B, Tubert-Jeannin S. Validation of the French version of COHIP-SF-19 among 12-years children in New Caledonia. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22(1):358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-022-02370-4.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"2540_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2011.06.003","volume":"14","author":"S Rolstad","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rolstad S, Adler J, Ryd\u00e9n A. Response burden and questionnaire length: Is shorter better? A review and meta-analysis. Value Health. 2011;14(8):1101\u201308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2011.06.003.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2540_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-01469-y","volume":"18","author":"T Minamidate","year":"2020","unstructured":"Minamidate T, Haruyama N, Takahashi I. The development, validation, and psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the child oral health impact profile-short form 19 (COHIP-SF 19) for school-age children. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2020;18(1):224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-020-01469-y.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"2540_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-014-0169-1","volume":"12","author":"C Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li C, Xia B, Wang Y, Guan X, Yuan J, Ge L. Translation and psychometric properties of the Chinese (Mandarin) version of the child oral health impact profile-short form 19 (COHIP-SF 19) for school-age children. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014;12(1):3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-014-0169-1.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"16","key":"2540_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4725","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164725","volume":"13","author":"F Laborne","year":"2024","unstructured":"Laborne F, Machado V, Botelho J, Bandeira Lopes L. The child oral health impact profile\u2014short form 19 cross-cultural adaptation and validity for the Portuguese pediatric population. JCM. 2024;13(16):4725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13164725.","journal-title":"JCM"},{"issue":"1","key":"2540_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0796-4","volume":"15","author":"AA Arheiam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arheiam AA, Baker SR, Ballo L, Elareibi I, Fakron S, Harris RV. The development and psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the child oral health impact profile-short form (COHIP- SF 19). Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017;15(1):218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-017-0796-4.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"2540_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1503-7","volume":"20","author":"I Sierwald","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sierwald I, John MT, Sagheri D, Neuschulz J, Sch\u00fcler E, Splieth C, et al. The German 19-item version of the child oral health impact profile: translation and psychometric properties. Clin Oral Investig. 2016;20(2):301\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-015-1503-7.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"7","key":"2540_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12070721","volume":"12","author":"SA Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park SA, Lim JN, Lee JY. Evaluation of the effectiveness of children\u2019s dental care programs: a retrospective study. Healthcare. 2024;12(7):721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare12070721.","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"3","key":"2540_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2007.00347.x","volume":"35","author":"AI Ismail","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ismail AI, Sohn W, Tellez M, Amaya A, Sen A, Hasson H, et al. The international caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS): an integrated system for measuring dental caries. Comm Dent Oral Epid. 2007;35(3):170\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2007.00347.x.","journal-title":"Comm Dent Oral Epid"},{"issue":"3","key":"2540_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2015.51","volume":"218","author":"Z Jawad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jawad Z, Bates C, Hodge T. Who needs orthodontic treatment? Who gets it? And who wants it? Br Dent J. 2015;218(3):99\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.bdj.2015.51.","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2540_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2307\/4594168","volume":"86","author":"TA Smith","year":"1971","unstructured":"Smith TA, Packer MW. Scoring patient hygiene performance by observation of selected tooth surfaces. HSMHA Health Rep. 1971;86(4):341\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/4594168.","journal-title":"HSMHA Health Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"2540_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.02.006","volume":"63","author":"LB Mokkink","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Stratford PW, Knol DL, et al. The COSMIN study reached international consensus on taxonomy, terminology, and definitions of measurement properties for health-related patient-reported outcomes. J Educ Chang Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(7):737\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.02.006.","journal-title":"J Educ Chang Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2540_CR21","first-page":"23","volume":"8","author":"K Schermelleh-Engel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schermelleh-Engel K, Moosbrugger H, M\u00fcller H. Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodnessof-fit measures. MPR-Online. 2003;8:23\u201374.","journal-title":"MPR-Online"},{"issue":"7080","key":"2540_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7080.572","volume":"314","author":"JM Bland","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bland JM, Altman ADGC. Statistics notes: Cronbach\u2019s alpha: table 1. BMJ. 1997;314(7080):572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.314.7080.572.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2540_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-14-95","volume":"14","author":"S Le\u00f3n","year":"2014","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n S, Bravo-Cavicchioli D, Correa-Beltr\u00e1n G, Giacaman RA. Validation of the Spanish version of the oral health impact profile (OHIP-14Sp) in elderly Chileans. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14(1):95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6831-14-95.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2540_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262756","volume":"11","author":"T Roumani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roumani T, Oulis CJ, Papagiannopoulou V, Yfantopoulos J. Validation of a Greek version of the oral health impact profile (OHIP-14) in adolescents. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2010;11(5):247\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03262756.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Paediatr Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"2540_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-012-0416-3","volume":"58","author":"R Eisinga","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eisinga R, Grotenhuis MT, Pelzer B. The reliability of a two-item scale: Pearson, cronbach, or Spearman-Brown? Int J Public Health. 2013;58(4):637\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00038-012-0416-3.","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2540_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13066","volume":"48","author":"M Omara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Omara M, Stamm T, Bekes K. Four-dimensional oral health-related quality of life impact in children: a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2021;48(3):293\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joor.13066.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"2540_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12986","volume":"52","author":"T Chandel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chandel T, Aldosari M, Chamut S. Effects of dental insurance and dental care utilization on oral health-related daily life activities among federally qualified healthcare center patients in the United States. Comm Dent Oral Epid. 2024;52(6):824\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdoe.12986.","journal-title":"Comm Dent Oral Epid"},{"issue":"3","key":"2540_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.161899","volume":"6","author":"G Thiruvenkadam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thiruvenkadam G, Asokan S, John JB, Geetha Priya PR, Prathiba J. Oral health-related quality of life of children seeking orthodontic treatment based on child oral health impact profile: a cross-sectional study. Contemp Clin Dent. 2015;6(3):396\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0976-237X.161899.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Dent"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2540_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/10693971211068971","volume":"56","author":"D Lacko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lacko D, \u010cen\u011bk J, To\u010d\u00edk J, Avsec A, \u0110or\u0111evi\u0107 V, Genc A, et al. The necessity of testing measurement invariance in cross-cultural research: potential bias in cross-cultural comparisons with individualism\u2013 collectivism self-report scales. Cross-Cult Res. 2022;56(2\u20133):228\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10693971211068971.","journal-title":"Cross-Cult Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2540_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2014.140026","volume":"85","author":"F Tomazoni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tomazoni F, Zanatta FB, Tuchtenhagen S, da Rosa GN, Del Fabro JP, Ardenghi TM. Association of gingivitis with child oral health\u2013related quality of life. J Periodontol. 2014;85(11):1557\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.2014.140026.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2540_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06145-5","volume":"25","author":"Y Pan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pan Y, Ma Y, Gui Z, Jin Y, Pan J, Yang C, et al. Dental caries, gingivitis and oral health-related quality of life in 12-year-old children. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06145-5.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"2540_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-009-9538-3","volume":"18","author":"G Michel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Michel G, Bisegger C, Fuhr DC, Abel T. Age and gender differences in health-related quality of life of children and adolescents in Europe: a multilevel analysis. Qual Life Res. 2009;18(9):1147\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-009-9538-3.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"}],"container-title":["Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12955-026-02540-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12955-026-02540-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12955-026-02540-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T03:40:36Z","timestamp":1782963636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12955-026-02540-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-026-02540-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-7525"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7525","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University School of Dentistry (IRB No. S-D20190018). Informed consent was obtained from all participants and their legal guardians before participation. The rights and privacy of all participants were respected and protected throughout the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"87"}}