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However, not all TGF\u03b2 stimulated genes were functional and prognostic in breast cancer lung metastatic progress. In this study, we tried to determine the prognosis of TGF\u03b2 stimulated genes in breast cancer.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>TGF\u03b2 stimulated genes in MDA-MB-231 cells and lung metastasis-associated genes in LM2-4175 cells were identified through gene expression microarray. The prognosis of the induced gene (TGFBI) in breast cancer was determined through bioinformatics analysis and validated using tissue microarray. The immune infiltrations of breast cancer were determined through \u201cESTIMATE\u201d and \u201cTIMER\u201d.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>TGFBI was up-regulated by TGF\u03b2 treatment and over-expressed in LM2-4175 cells. Through bioinformatics analysis, we found that higher expression of TGFBI was associated with shorted lung metastasis-free survival, relapse-free survival, disease-free survival, and overall survival of breast cancer. Moreover, the prognosis of TGFBI was validated in 139 Chinese breast cancer patients. Chinese breast cancer patients with higher TGFBI expression had lower overall survival. Correspondingly, breast cancer patients with higher TGFBI methylation had higher overall survival. TGFBI was correlated with the score of the TGF\u03b2 signaling pathway and multiple immune-related signaling pathways in breast cancer. The stromal score, immune score, and the infiltrations of immune cells were also correlated with TGFBI expression in breast cancer.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>TGF\u03b2-induced gene TGFBI was correlated with the prognosis and immune infiltrations of breast cancer.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-024-03301-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]],"date-time":"2024-01-20T08:02:14Z","timestamp":1705737734000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Transforming growth factor-induced gene TGFBI is correlated with the prognosis and immune infiltrations of breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Haiwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinrui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangpu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3301_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2622","volume":"9","author":"DX Nguyen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nguyen DX, Bos PD, Massague J. 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All experimental protocols were approved by the ethics committee of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all subjects.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22"}}