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However, there remains very little information available on the influence of PGE\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    on other processes that occur during oocyte maturation. In this study, we supplemented a maturation medium with PGE\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and monitored oocyte quality markers, glucose metabolism, mitochondrial status, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs), using a well-established in vitro model of embryo production in cattle. We found that this increased availability of PGE\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    during maturation led to an increase in the expression of genes associated with oocyte competence and improved the quality of blastocysts produced. Prostaglandin E\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    also appeared to stimulate glucose uptake and lactate production in the COCs, both influencing the expression of enzymes involved in glycolysis and the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. We found that PGE\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, and simultaneously increased glutathione concentration and stimulated antioxidant gene expression in the oocyte. These results indicate that PGE\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    has an important role in the protection of oocytes against oxidative stress. Mitochondrial membrane potential was also improved in PGE\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -treated oocytes, and there was a reduction in the occurrence of apoptosis in the COCs. Promotion of an anti-apoptotic balance in transcription of genes involved in apoptosis was present in both oocytes and the cumulus cells. In summary, PGE\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    could represent a novel autocrine\/paracrine player in the mechanisms that can facilitate successful oocyte maturation and oocyte survival in the cow.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-020-00598-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T09:02:55Z","timestamp":1589187775000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Prostaglandin E2 affects in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8883-2404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Boruszewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Kowalczyk-Zieba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Suwik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Staszkiewicz-Chodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Jaworska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Lukaszuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Woclawek-Potocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"598_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071566","volume":"35","author":"SM Karim","year":"1979","unstructured":"Karim SM, Hillier K. 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