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Adrenergic \u03b22 receptor (ADRB2) agonists also can facilitate lesional progression. In contrast, women with endometriosis appear to have depressed vagal activity, concordant with reduced expression of \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (\u03b17nAChR). The roles of these receptors in adenomyosis are completely unknown.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Adenomyotic tissue samples from 30 women with adenomyosis and control endometrial tissue samples from 24 women without adenomyosis were collected and subjected to immunohistochemistry analysis of RAMP1, CRLR, NK1R, ADRB2 and \u03b17nAChR, along with their demographic and clinical information. The extent of tissue fibrosis was evaluated by Masson trichrome staining.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We found that the staining levels of NK1R, CRLR, RAMP1 and ADRB2 were all significantly elevated in adenomyotic lesions as compared with control endometrium. In contrast, \u03b17nAChR staining levels were significantly reduced. The severity of dysmenorrhea correlated positively with lesional ADRB2 staining levels.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results suggest that SP, CGRP and noradrenaline may promote, while acetylcholine may stall, the progression of adenomyosis through their respective receptors on adenomyotic lesions. Additionally, through the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-sympatho-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axes and the lesional overexpression of ADRB2, adenomyosis-associated dysmenorrhea and adenomyotic lesions may be mutually promotional, forming a viscous feed-forward cycle.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-021-00711-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T20:03:15Z","timestamp":1613851395000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Possible involvement of neuropeptide and neurotransmitter receptors in Adenomyosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianjun","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xishi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8511-7624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun-Wei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"711_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2006.01.017","volume":"20","author":"P Vercellini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vercellini P, Vigano P, Somigliana E, Daguati R, Abbiati A, Fedele L. 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