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CSF-1 has been found to accumulate in the lesions and PF of endometriosis patients, and CSF-1 induces THP-1-derived macrophages to polarize toward a CD169<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> DC-SIGN<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> phenotype. Does the cytokine CSF-1 induce monocytes to differentiate into macrophages with a DC-SIGN<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> phenotype in endometriosis?<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The level of CSF-1 in the endometrium of control subjects, and the eutopic, and ectopic endometrium of endometriosis patients was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT\u2013PCR) and was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the PF of control and endometriosis patients. CSF-1 expression was examined with a MILLIPLEX MAP Mouse Cytokine\/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel. DC-SIGN<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> macrophages were detected by immunohistochemical staining of tissues and flow cytometric analysis of the PF of control subjects (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200925) and endometriosis (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200935) patients. The phenotypes and biological activities of CSF-1 -induced macrophages were compared in an in vitro coculture system with peripheral blood lymphocytes from control subjects.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, we found that the proportion of DC-SIGN<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> CD169<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> macrophages was higher in the abdominal immune microenvironment of endometriosis patients. CSF-1 was primarily secreted from ectopic lesions and peritoneum in mice with endometriosis. In addition, CSF-1 induced the polarization of macrophages toward a DC-SIGN<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> CD169<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> phenotype; this effect was abolished by the addition of an anti-CSF-1R antibody. CSF-1 induced the generation of DC-SIGN<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> macrophages, leading to a depressed status of peripheral blood lymphocytes, including a high percentage of Treg cells and a low percentage of CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells. Similarly, blockade with the anti-CSF-1R antibody abrogated this biological effect.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is the first study on the role of DC-SIGN<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> macrophages in the immune microenvironment of endometriosis. Further study of the mechanism and biological activities of CSF-1-induced DC-SIGN<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> macrophages will enhance our understanding of the physiology of endometriosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-022-00901-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T09:03:25Z","timestamp":1646730205000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["CSF-1-induced DC-SIGN+ macrophages are present in the ovarian endometriosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Xiaocui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cai","family":"Yunlang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhenzhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8840","key":"901_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92673-H","volume":"341","author":"JP Devogelaer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Devogelaer JP, Nagant DDC, Donnez J. 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