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Sex steroids are secreted from the testis and act on the epididymis in an endocrine manner. There is another, non-sex steroidal secreted signaling, named lumicrine signaling, in which testis-derived secreted proteins go through the male reproductive tract and act on the epididymis. The effects of such multiple regulations on the epididymis by the testis have been investigated for many genes. The recent development of high-throughput next-generation sequencing now enables us a further comparative survey of endocrine and lumicrine action-dependent gene expression. In the present study, testis-derived endocrine and lumicrine actions on epididymal gene expression were comparatively investigated by RNA-seq transcriptomic analyses. This investigation utilized experimental animal models in which testis-derived endocrine and\/or lumicrine actions were interfered with, such as unilateral or bilateral orchidectomy. By bilateral orchidectomy, which interferes with both endocrine and lumicrine actions, 431 genes were downregulated. By unilateral orchidectomy, which also interferes with endocrine and lumicrine actions by the unilateral testis, but the endocrine action was compensated by the contralateral testis, 283 genes were downregulated. The content of such genes downregulated by unilateral orchidectomy was like those of lumicrine action-interfered efferent duct-ligation, <jats:italic>W<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>Wv<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Nell2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice. When genes affected by unilateral and bilateral orchidectomy were compared, 154 genes were commonly downregulated, whereas 217 genes were specifically downregulated only by bilateral orchidectomy, indicating the distinction between endocrine and lumicrine actions on the proximal epididymal transcriptome. Comparative transcriptome analyses also showed that the expressions of genes emerging since Amniota were notably impacted by bilateral orchidectomy, unilateral orchidectomy, and lumicrine action-interfering treatments; the degree of influence from these treatments varied based on the evolutionary stage beyond Amniota. These findings unveil an evolutional transition of regulated gene expression in the proximal epididymis by two different testis-derived signaling mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-024-01213-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T05:01:52Z","timestamp":1712725312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Distinct actions of testicular endocrine and lumicrine signaling on the proximal epididymal transcriptome"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Daiji","family":"Kiyozumi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1213_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12632","volume":"7","author":"S Breton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Breton S, Nair AV, Battistone MA. 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