{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T01:22:44Z","timestamp":1784769764152,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003803","name":"University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Biol Endocrinol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Levonorgestrel (LNG) acts as an emergency contraceptive mainly by inhibiting or postponing ovulation. We carried out this study to investigate whether LNG at concentration relevant for emergency contraception (EC) affect ciliary beat frequency and muscular contraction of the human Fallopian tube, which might contribute additional actions for EC.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This was an in vitro experimental study on human Fallopian tube tissue collected from ten women undergoing hysterectomy. The tubal explants were cultured in vitro, primed with oestradiol and progesterone at concentrations resembling the physiological early luteal phase, and treated with LNG at 0, 1, 10 and 100 ng\/ml concentrations. Ciliary beat frequency was measured from the tubal epithelial strips, and the basal tone, amplitude and frequency of contractions were recorded from longitudinal smooth muscle strips. These parameters at different LNG concentrations were compared against the control (LNG 0 ng\/ml).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Treatment of tubal tissue strips with LNG at all concentrations studied did not significantly alter the ciliary beat frequency nor basal muscle tone (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05 for both) compared with control. Significant reduction in the amplitude and frequency of tubal muscular contractions was shown after treatment with LNG only at 100 ng\/ml (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 for both) but not lower concentrations (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05) compared with control.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>LNG did not significantly inhibit ciliary beat frequency and muscular contraction of the human Fallopian tube at the doses used for EC, suggesting that the Fallopian tube is unlikely a target for the EC action of LNG.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-024-01315-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T07:01:31Z","timestamp":1731999691000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Levonorgestrel at emergency contraception dose has no effect on ciliary beat frequency and muscular contraction of the human fallopian tube: an in vitro experimental study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Raymond Hang Wun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Bin","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Shu Biu","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest Hung Yu","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai Sum","family":"O","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pak Chung","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"1315_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14773","volume":"124","author":"ST Cameron","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cameron ST, Li HWR, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Current controversies with oral emergency contraception. BJOG. 2017;124(13):1948\u201356.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"1315_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2022.01.006","volume":"109","author":"M Endler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Endler M, Li RHW, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Effect of levonorgestrel emergency contraception on implantation and fertility: a review. Contraception. 2022;109:8\u201318.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"10","key":"1315_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den260","volume":"23","author":"K Wanggren","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wanggren K, Stavreus-Evers A, Olsson C, Andersson E, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Hum Reprod. 2008;23(10):2359\u201368.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"1315_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12337","volume":"42","author":"W Zhao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao W, Zhu Q, Yan M, Li C, Yuan J, Qin G, Zhang J. Levonorgestrel decreases cilia beat frequency of human fallopian tubes and rat oviducts without changing morphological structure. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2015;42:171\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"1315_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0377-3","volume":"16","author":"C Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li C, Zhang HY, Liang Y, Xia W, Zhu Q, Zhang D, Huang Z, Liang GL, Xue RH, Qi H, He XQ, Yuan JJ, Tan YJ, Huang HF, Zhang J. Effects of levonorgestrel and progesterone on oviductal physiology in mammals. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018;16:59.","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1315_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu210","volume":"29","author":"HWR Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li HWR, Liao SB, Yeung WSB, Ng EHY, O WS, Ho PC. Ulipristal acetate resembles mifepristone in modulating human fallopian tube function. Hum Reprod. 2014;29(10):2156\u201362.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"6","key":"1315_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.6.1472","volume":"17","author":"E Johansson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Johansson E, Brache V, Alvarez F, Faundes A, Cochon L, Ranta S, Lovern M, Kumar N. Pharmacokinetic study of different dosing regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception in healthy women. Hum Reprod. 2002;17(6):1472\u20136.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"1315_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.4.9904088","volume":"161","author":"KW Tsang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tsang KW, Tipoe G, Sun J, Ho JCM, Lam B, Zheng L, Ooi GC, Ip M, Lam WK. Severe bronchiectasis in patients with cystlike structures within the ciliary shafts. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:1300\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1315_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R18","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0273","volume":"95","author":"HWR Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li HWR, Liao SB, Chiu PCN, Tam WW, Ho JCM, Ng EHY, Ho PC, Yeung WSB, Tang F, O WS. Expression of adrenomedullin in human oviduct, its regulation by the hormonal cycle and contact with spermatozoa, and its effect on ciliary beat frequency of the oviductal epithelium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:R18\u2013E25.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1315_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181dd22ef","volume":"115","author":"K Cleland","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cleland K, Raymond E, Trussel J, Cheng L, Zhu H. Ectopic pregnancy and emergency contraceptive pills: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115:1263\u20136.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12958-024-01315-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12958-024-01315-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12958-024-01315-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T08:05:06Z","timestamp":1732003506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rbej.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12958-024-01315-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12958-024-01315-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-7827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board, The University of Hong Kong \/ Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster. All patients gave written informed consent prior to the operation for collection of the Fallopian tube tissue for experimental use. The work was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"147"}}