{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T03:45:36Z","timestamp":1774583136245,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]],"date-time":"2018-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]],"date-time":"2018-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AID-OAA-L-14-00004."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-OAA-L-14-00004."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Resour Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-018-0296-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]],"date-time":"2018-07-11T15:04:05Z","timestamp":1531321445000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluating the role of clinical officers in providing reproductive health services in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7436-0282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne Corine","family":"Darwinkel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julius Maina","family":"Nduru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reuben Waswa","family":"Nabie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John Anzetse","family":"Aswani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"296_CR1","volume-title":"Fact Sheet No. 348","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Fact Sheet No. 348. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012a."},{"key":"296_CR2","volume-title":"Recommendations: Optimizing health worker roles to improve access to key maternal and newborn health interventions through task shifting","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Recommendations: Optimizing health worker roles to improve access to key maternal and newborn health interventions through task shifting. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012b."},{"key":"296_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60785-5","volume":"370","author":"F Mullan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mullan F, Freywot S. Non-physician clinicians in 47 sub-Saharan African Countries. Lancet. 2008;370:2158\u201363.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"296_CR4","unstructured":"World Bank. (2015). Physicians (per 1,000 people). World Bank Data. [Online] 14 3. people. \n                    http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"296_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory data repository. Aggregate data on health workers by category. [Online] 07 02 2017. [Cited: 12 09 2017.] \n                    http:\/\/apps.who.int\/gho\/data\/node.main.A1444?lang=en&showonly=HWF\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"296_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01489.x","volume":"114","author":"C Pereira","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pereira C, et al. Meeting the need for emergency obstetric care in Mozambique: Work performance and histories of medical doctors and assistant medical officers trained for surgery. BJOG. 2007;114:1530\u20133.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"1","key":"296_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-5-17","volume":"5","author":"G Chilopora","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chilopora G, Pereira C. Postoperative outcome of casesarean sections and other major emergency obstetric surgery by clinical officers and medical officers in Malawi. Hum Resour Health. 2007;5(1):17.","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"296_CR8","first-page":"688","volume":"77","author":"F Vaz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vaz F, Bergstr\u00f6m S, Vaz Mda L, Langa J, Bugalho A. Training medical assistants for surgery. Bull World Health Organ. 1999;77(8):688\u201391.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"10","key":"296_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01443.x","volume":"114","author":"M Kruk","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kruk M, Pereira C, Vaz F, Bergstr\u00f6m S, Galea S. Economic evaluation of surgically trained assistant medical officers in performing major obstetric surgery in Mozambique. BJOG. 2007;114(10):1253\u201360.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"6","key":"296_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09797.x","volume":"103","author":"C Pereira","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pereira C, Bugalho A, Bergstr\u00f6m S, Vaz F, Cotiro M. A comparative study of Caesarean deliveries by assistant medical officers and obstetricians in Mozambique. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996;103(6):508\u201312.","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"296_CR11","volume-title":"Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2008\u201309","author":"Kenya National Bureau of Statistics & ICF Macro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kenya National Bureau of Statistics & ICF Macro. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2008\u201309. Claverton: KNBS & ICF Macro; 2010."},{"key":"296_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-11-32","volume":"11","author":"P Mbindyo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mbindyo P, Blaauq D, English M. The role of clinical officers in the Kenyan health system: A question of perspective. Hum Resour Health. 2013;11:32.","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"296_CR13","first-page":"107","volume":"21","author":"LM Karanja","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karanja LM, Kakai R, Onyango RO. Participation of clinical officers in preventive health care services at rural health facilities in Kenya. African Journal of Health Sciences. 2012;21:107\u201312.","journal-title":"African Journal of Health Sciences"},{"key":"296_CR14","volume-title":"Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014","author":"Kenya National Bureau of Standards, Ministry of Health, National Aids Control Council, Kenya Medical Research Institute, National Council for Population and Development, The DHS Program, & ICF International","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kenya National Bureau of Standards, Ministry of Health, National Aids Control Council, Kenya Medical Research Institute, National Council for Population and Development, The DHS Program, & ICF International. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Nairobi: KNBS; 2015."},{"key":"296_CR15","volume-title":"Accelerating Attainment of Health Goals: The Kenya Health Sector Strategic and Investment Plan - KHSSP July 2012 - June 2018","author":"Kenya Ministry of Medical Services, & Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kenya Ministry of Medical Services, & Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation. Accelerating Attainment of Health Goals: The Kenya Health Sector Strategic and Investment Plan - KHSSP July 2012 - June 2018. Nairobi: Ministry of Medical Services and Ministry of Public Health & Sanitation; 2013."},{"key":"296_CR16","volume-title":"Expanding Access to Caesarean Sections: A Rapid Assessment in Kenya","author":"Community Health Promotion Kenya and Averting Maternal Death and Disability Program at Columbia University","year":"2014","unstructured":"Community Health Promotion Kenya and Averting Maternal Death and Disability Program at Columbia University. Expanding Access to Caesarean Sections: A Rapid Assessment in Kenya. Mombasa: CHPK; 2014."},{"key":"296_CR17","volume-title":"Bilateral Tubal Ligation (BTL) Rapid Assessment: Provision of BTL and other Reproductive Health (RH) Services by Clinical Officers in Kenya","author":"Kenya Ministry of Health, USAID, & FHI360","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kenya Ministry of Health, USAID, & FHI360. Bilateral Tubal Ligation (BTL) Rapid Assessment: Provision of BTL and other Reproductive Health (RH) Services by Clinical Officers in Kenya. Kenya: MOH; 2013."},{"issue":"10071","key":"296_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31393-9","volume":"389","author":"O Ginsburg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ginsburg, O., Badwe, R., Boyle, P., Derricks, G., Dare, A., Evans, T., . . . Sullivan, R. (2017). Changing global policy to deliver safe, equitable, and affordable care for women's cancers., The Lancet,389, 10071 871\u2013880.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"296_CR19","unstructured":"Kenyan Network of Organizations. Kenya Cancer Statistics & National Strategies. [Online] [Cited: 12 09 2017.] \n                    https:\/\/kenyacancernetwork.wordpress.com\/kenya-cancer-facts\/\n                    \n                  ."}],"container-title":["Human Resources for Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12960-018-0296-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12960-018-0296-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12960-018-0296-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T09:06:00Z","timestamp":1589533560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/human-resources-health.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12960-018-0296-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12960-018-0296-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-4491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-4491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 November 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study obtained ethical approval in January 2016 from the Kenyatta National Hospital and University of Nairobi Ethics & Research Committee (P645\/10\/2015). Consent was obtained from all participants and anonymity of participants and facilities was maintained throughout.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"31"}}