{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:26:58Z","timestamp":1780396018717,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701043200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Resour Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In Iran, the issue of the nursing shortage and unequal distribution exist simultaneously. The shortage of healthcare workers is one of the most important concerns of the health systems. In addition, the disparity in the distribution of healthcare workers between large metropolises and remote or non-capital areas has become a serious concern and a top priority to address. We conducted this study to identify and create a sufficient understanding of the different financial and non-financial preferences of nurses for working in deprived areas.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This research was carried out in June and April 2022. It was carried out in three major phases. The factors influencing the nurses' job preferences were first discovered using qualitative methods. The second phase was conducting a pilot study and determining the best design for discrete choice experiment scenarios. The last phase involved publishing the questionnaire to gather information. Data were analyzed (discrete choice analysis) using JMP Pro 16 software.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A desirable job for the participants (nurses) in this study would have a higher salary, work in a city, the Rasmi employment contract, a low workload, adequate workplace facilities, an appropriate work schedule, and 1 to 3\u00a0years spent on the assigned job to promote to a higher position. Willingness to pay (WTP) and the probability of selecting different attribute levels were also calculated and reported. For example, the highest amount of money that a nurse expected to be paid was for changing the geographical location of the workplace from a city to a deprived area. In this case, a nurse tends to receive 91.87 million IRR more to move from a city to a deprived area to work. This amount of money was by far the most among other WTPs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results of this study indicated that nurses are willing to forego net income in exchange for other favorable characteristics of their working environment and conditions. This shows that a variety of actions are accessible to policymakers that can greatly enhance the working conditions for nurses. The WTP and the probability of selecting various attributes may help policymakers plan more effectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-023-00875-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T10:02:23Z","timestamp":1701079343000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Nurses\u2019 job preferences for working in deprived areas in Tehran: a discrete choice experiment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3072-6876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirmohammad","family":"Haddadfar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Emamgholipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Razani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hassan","family":"Salehnejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"875_CR1","unstructured":"Dolea C. Increasing access to health workers in remote and rural areas through improved retention. World Health Organization. 2009. 2\u20134 p."},{"issue":"2","key":"875_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1590\/S1726-46342011000200018","volume":"28","author":"M Afzal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Afzal M, Cometto G, Rosskam E, Sheikh M. Global Health Workforce Alliance: increasing the momentum for health workforce development. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2011;28(2):298\u2013307.","journal-title":"Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica"},{"issue":"4","key":"875_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-7657.2005.00430.x","volume":"52","author":"SJ Ross","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ross SJ, Polsky D, Sochalski J. Nursing shortages and international nurse migration. Int Nurs Rev. 2005;52(4):253\u201362.","journal-title":"Int Nurs Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"875_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250652","volume":"16","author":"A Mumbauer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mumbauer A, Strauss M, George G, Ngwepe P, Bezuidenhout C, de Vos L, et al. Employment preferences of healthcare workers in South Africa: findings from a discrete choice experiment. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4): e0250652.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"875_CR5","first-page":"37","volume":"9","author":"A Abbaszadeh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abbaszadeh A, Abdi A. Nursing shortage challenge: a serious threat for the health system: a review study. Community Heal J. 2017;9(1):37\u201347.","journal-title":"Community Heal J"},{"key":"875_CR6","first-page":"7","volume":"1","author":"L Littlejohn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Littlejohn L, Campbell JCM. Nursing shortage: a comparative analysis. Int J Nurs. 2012;1:7\u201322.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs"},{"issue":"124 #a001463","key":"875_CR7","first-page":"27","volume":"33","author":"M Shahraki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shahraki M. The determinants of nursing workforce demand and predicting the number of the required nurses in the public hospitals of Iran (2018\u20132025). IRAN J Nurs. 2020;33(124 #a001463):27\u201340.","journal-title":"IRAN J Nurs"},{"issue":"52","key":"875_CR8","first-page":"69","volume":"1","author":"R Mehrdad","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mehrdad R. Health System in Iran. JMAJ. 2009;1(52):69\u201373.","journal-title":"JMAJ"},{"key":"875_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S259267","volume":"13","author":"A Kazemi Karyani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kazemi Karyani A, Karami Matin B, Malekian P, Moradi Rotvandi D, Amini S, Delavari S, Soltani S, Rezaei S. Preferences of medical sciences students for work contracts in deprived areas of Iran: a discrete choice experiment analysis. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020;13:927\u2013939.","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"875_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-212","volume":"12","author":"PC Rockers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rockers PC, Jaskiewicz W, Wurts L, Kruk ME, Mgomella GS, Ntalazi F, et al. Preferences for working in rural clinics among trainee health professionals in Uganda: a discrete choice experiment. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:212.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"875_CR11","unstructured":"Vujicic M, Alfano M, Ryan M, Wesseh CS, Brown-Annan J. Policy options to attract nurses to rural Liberia: Evidence from a discrete choice experiment. Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper, World Bank Human Development Network (HNP) Discussion Paper, World Bank Human Development Network. 2010. http:\/\/www-wds.worldbank.org\/external\/default\/WDSContentServer\/WDSP\/IB\/2010\/11\/22\/000333037_20101122234724\/Rendered\/PDF\/580200WP01PUBL1ses0to0rural0Liberia.pdf."},{"issue":"4","key":"875_CR12","first-page":"211","volume":"14","author":"S Rafiei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rafiei S, Arab M, Rashidian A, Mahmoudi M, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Policy interventions to improve rural retention among neurosurgeons in Iran: a discrete choice experiment. Iran J Neurol. 2015;14(4):211\u20138.","journal-title":"Iran J Neurol"},{"key":"875_CR13","unstructured":"Inc. SI. Consumer research. In: JMP\u00ae 16 Consumer Research Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. 2021. p. 105."},{"issue":"2","key":"875_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1697","volume":"21","author":"EW De Bekker-Grob","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Bekker-Grob EW, Ryan M, Gerard K. Discrete choice experiments in health economics: a review of the literature. Health Econ. 2012;21(2):145\u201372.","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"issue":"12","key":"875_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050315","volume":"7","author":"L Huicho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huicho L, Miranda JJ, Diez-Canseco F, Lema C, Lescano AG, Lagarde M, et al. Job preferences of nurses and midwives for taking up a rural job in Peru: a discrete choice experiment. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(12): e50315.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"875_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.3109\/14659891.2015.1118563","volume":"21","author":"TM Helter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Helter TM, Boehler CEH. Developing attributes for discrete choice experiments in health: a systematic literature review and case study of alcohol misuse interventions. J Subst Use. 2016;21(6):662\u20138.","journal-title":"J Subst Use"},{"key":"875_CR17","unstructured":"Civil Service Management Law, approved by the Islamic Council of Iran. Islamic Parliament Research Center. 2006. Available from: https:\/\/rc.majlis.ir\/en."},{"issue":"3","key":"875_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/002224379603300305","volume":"33","author":"J Huber","year":"1996","unstructured":"Huber J, Zwerina K. The importance of utility balance in efficient choice designs. J Mark Res. 1996;33(3):307\u201317.","journal-title":"J Mark Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"875_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2018.07.876","volume":"22","author":"FR Johnson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johnson FR, Yang J-C, Reed SD. The internal validity of discrete choice experiment data: a testing tool for quantitative assessments. Value Health. 2019;22(2):157\u201360.","journal-title":"Value Health."},{"key":"875_CR20","unstructured":"Johnson R, Orme B. Getting the most from CBC. Sequim: Sawtooth Software Research Paper Series, Sawtooth Software. 2003 Apr."},{"issue":"December","key":"875_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"1999","author":"M Ryan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ryan M, Kolstad J, Rockers PDC. How to conduct a discrete choice experiment for health workforce recruitment and retention in remote and rural areas: a user guide with case studies. World Health Org CapacityPlus. 2006;1999(December):1\u20136.","journal-title":"World Health Org CapacityPlus"},{"issue":"38","key":"875_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012358","volume":"97","author":"S Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu S, Li S, Yang R, Liu T, Chen G. Job preferences for medical students in China: a discrete choice experiment. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(38): e12358.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"1","key":"875_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-016-0156-1","volume":"14","author":"B-H Park","year":"2016","unstructured":"Park B-H, Ko Y. Hospital preferences of nursing students in Korea: a discrete choice experiment approach. Hum Resour Health. 2016;14(1):58.","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"875_CR24","unstructured":"Araujo E, Maeda A. How to recruit and retain health workers in rural and remote areas in developing countries: a guidance note. World Bank. 2013. 40\u201343."}],"container-title":["Human Resources for Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12960-023-00875-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12960-023-00875-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12960-023-00875-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T10:07:57Z","timestamp":1701079677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/human-resources-health.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12960-023-00875-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12960-023-00875-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-4491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-4491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"91"}}