{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T19:45:52Z","timestamp":1784058352815,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1161434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1161434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Resour Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) lack instruments to measure gaps in the public health competency of health professionals. The objective of this study is to develop a validated and reliable Core Public Health Competency (COPHEC) index by assessing the knowledge, skills, abilities, and attitudes of senior and mid-level public health professionals with supervisory and management responsibilities in Uttar Pradesh (UP), India.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using the Core Competency framework that was developed in UP, we generated a draft COPHEC tool with 37 items, measured on a four-point Likert scale. We administered the tool to a total of 166 public health professionals that included two samples\u201484 senior and 82 mid-level public health professionals. To extract factors and assign factor scores to the instrument, we performed an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal component analysis (PCA). Content and face validities were assessed by examining the steps used for the construction of the draft tool. Construct validity was measured by assessing the average factor loading of the items onto the component extracted from EFA. Internal consistency was used as a measure of reliability.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The final COPHEC index had 37 items loaded on one factor in the sample. Content and face validities were assured through a participatory process with relevant stakeholders who identified the initial set of items as part of a Core Competency framework. Construct validity of the COPHEC scale was confirmed by the high average factor loading of components ranging from 0.58 to 0.81. The final index showed adequate reliability with Cronbach\u2019s alpha (<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>)\u2009=\u20090.97.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The COPHEC index is a valid and reliable measure of core competencies in public health in UP. We recommend that governments adapt the index in LMICs to conduct assessments of health workers to identify training needs, evaluate the effectiveness of training programs through participants\u2019 competency acquisition pre- and post-training, and inform workforce development efforts in recruitment and performance management.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-025-00994-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T09:21:55Z","timestamp":1750670515000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development and validation of a tool to assess core competencies of public health professionals in low-income settings: findings from Uttar Pradesh, India"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8627-5467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudip","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"994_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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