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However, although extensive studies from multiple aspects have been conducted regarding treatments for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), there are still no effective ICB-based therapies or biomarkers for this cancer type. A series of our studies have identified that the small GTPase ARF6 and its downstream effector AMAP1 (also called ASAP1\/DDEF1) are often overexpressed in different cancers, including PDAC, and closely correlate with poor patient survival. Mechanistically, the ARF6-AMAP1 pathway drives cancer cell invasion and immune evasion, via upregulating \u03b21-integrins and PD-L1, and downregulating E-cadherin, upon ARF6 activation by external ligands. Moreover, the ARF6-AMAP1 pathway enhances the fibrosis caused by PDAC, which is another barrier for ICB therapies.\n                    <jats:italic>KRAS<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations are prevalent in PDACs. We have shown previously that oncogenic\n                    <jats:italic>KRAS<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations are the major cause of the aberrant overexpression of ARF6 and AMAP1, in which KRAS signaling enhances eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A)-dependent\n                    <jats:italic>ARF6<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA translation and eIF4E-dependent\n                    <jats:italic>AMAP1<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA translation. MYC overexpression is also a key pathway in driving cancer malignancy.\n                    <jats:italic>MYC<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA is also known to be under the control of eIF4A, and the eIF4A inhibitor silvestrol suppresses MYC and ARF6 expression. Using a KPC mouse model of human PDAC (\n                    <jats:italic>LSL-Kras(G12D\/+); LSL-Trp53(R172H\/<\/jats:italic>\n                    +\n                    <jats:italic>)); Pdx-1-Cre<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), we here demonstrate that inhibition of the ARF6-AMAP1 pathway by shRNAs in cancer cells results in therapeutic synergy with an anti-PD-1 antibody in vivo; and furthermore, that silvestrol improves the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy, whereas silvestrol on its own promotes tumor growth in vivo. ARF6 and MYC are both essential for normal cell functions. We demonstrate that silvestrol substantially mitigates the overexpression of ARF6 and MYC in KRAS-mutated cells, whereas the suppression is moderate in KRAS-intact cells. We propose that targeting eIF4A, as well as mutant KRAS, provides novel methods to improve the efficacy of anti-PD-1 and associated ICB therapies against PDACs, in which ARF6 and AMAP1 overexpression, as well as\n                    <jats:italic>KRAS<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations of cancer cells are biomarkers to identify patients with drug-susceptible disease. The same may be applicable to other cancers with\n                    <jats:italic>KRAS<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-021-00733-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T03:03:09Z","timestamp":1621220589000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Inhibition of mutant KRAS-driven overexpression of ARF6 and MYC by an eIF4A inhibitor drug improves the effects of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ari","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Handa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soichiro","family":"Hata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akio","family":"Tsutaho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takao","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Hirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisataka","family":"Sabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"733_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21387","volume":"67","author":"RH Siegel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Siegel RH, Kimberly DM, Ahmedin J. 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