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The drug reduces proliferation of several NHL cell lines and has efficacy in xenograft models of the disease. To confirm the importance of its action on GSK3\u03b2, we treated 3 lymphoma cell lines with selective, structurally distinct GSK3 inhibitors: CT99021, SB216763, LY2090314, tideglusib, and elraglusib. Stabilization of \u03b2-catenin and reduced phosphorylation of CRMP2, two validated targets of GSK3, were used as functional read-outs for GSK3 inhibition. CT99021, SB216763, and LY2090314 failed to reduce proliferation or viability in any cell line at concentrations that stabilized \u03b2-catenin and reduced CRMP2 phosphorylation. There was partial reduction of CRMP2 phosphorylation but no significant effect on \u03b2-catenin at cytotoxic doses of elraglusib. There was no indication of GSK3 inhibition at doses of tideglusib that affected cell viability and apoptosis. Cell-free kinase screening confirmed several other targets of elraglusib, distinct from the GSK3 inhibitors with no anti-lymphoma actions, including PIM kinases and MST2. These data question GSK3 as the target of elraglusib in lymphoma, and hence the utility of GSK3 expression as a \u2018stand-alone\u2019, therapeutic biomarker in NHL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01147-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T08:02:19Z","timestamp":1686729739000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Elraglusib (formerly 9-ING-41) possesses potent anti-lymphoma properties which cannot be attributed to GSK3 inhibition"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Josh T.","family":"Coats","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudhir","family":"Tauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Calum","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1147_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25460","volume":"94","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu Y, Barta SK. 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